15.1 带有关键字virtual的成员,基类希望其派生类重新自定义该成员。
15.2 protected表示成员可以被该类的成员,友元及派生类成员访问;private表示只能被该类的成员和友元访问。
15.3
class Quote {
public:
Quote() = default;
Quote(const string &book, double sales_price):
bookNo(book), price(sales_price) { }
string isbn() const { return bookNo; };
virtual double net_price(size_t n) const
{ return n * price; }
virtual ~Quote() = default;
private:
string bookNo;
protected:
double price = 0.0;
};
double print_total(ostream &os, const Quote &item, size_t n)
{
double ret = item.net_price(n);
os << "ISBN: " << item.isbn() << " # sold: " << n <<
" total due: " << ret << endl;
return ret;
}
15.4 (a)错误,一个类不能派生它本身;(b)正确;(c)错误,声明中不包含派生列表。
15.5 Bulk_quote类:
class Bulk_quote: public Quote {
public:
Bulk_quote() = default;
Bulk_quote(const string &book, double p, size_t qty, double disc):
Quote(book, p), min_qty(qty), discount(disc) { }
double net_price(size_t) const override;
private:
size_t min_qty = 0;
double discount = 0.0;
};
double
Bulk_quote::net_price(size_t cnt) const
{
if (cnt >= min_qty)
return cnt * price * (1 - discount);
else
return cnt * price;
}
15.6 测试程序:
#include <iostream>
#include "Quote.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
Quote q1("a1", 8.9);
Bulk_quote q2("a2", 7.7, 10, 0.2);
print_total(cout, q1, 10);
print_total(cout, q2, 20);
return 0;
}
15.7
class Lim_quote: public Quote {
public:
Lim_quote() = default;
Lim_quote(const string &book, double p, size_t qty, double disc):
Quote(book, p), max_qty(qty), discount(disc) { }
double net_price(size_t) const override;
private:
size_t max_qty = 0;
double discount = 0.0;
};
double
Lim_quote::net_price(size_t cnt) const
{
if (cnt <= max_qty)
return cnt * price * (1 - discount);
else
return price * (cnt - max_qty) + max_qty * price * (1 - discount);
}
15.8 静态类型在编译时已知,是变量声明时的类型或表达式生成的类型;动态类型是变量或表达式表示的内存中的对象类型,知道运行时才可知。
15.9 如函数:double print_total(ostream &os, const Quote &item, size_t n);如果传递一个Bulk_quote对象给print_total,item的静态类型与动态类型不一致。
15.10 ifstream传递给read函数,传递了一个派生类对象给基类,静态类型与动态类型不同。