PyQt中的QNetworkAccessManager
PyQt教程中的QNetworkAccessManager展示了如何显示如何使用QNetworkAccessManager发送请求和接收响应。
QNetworkAccessManager
QNetworkAccessManager允许应用程序发送网络请求并接收回复。QNetworkRequest保留要与网络管理器发送的请求，并且QNetworkReply包含为响应返回的数据和标头。
QNetworkAccessManager有一个异步API，这意味着它的方法总是立即返回，而不要等到它们完成。
而是在请求完成时发出信号。我们通过附加到完成信号的方法来处理响应。
HTTP GET请求
HTTP GET方法请求指定资源的表示形式。
get_request.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
QNetworkAccessManager in PyQt
In this example we get a web page.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: September 2017
'''
from PyQt5 import QtNetwork
from PyQt5.QtCore import QCoreApplication, QUrl
import sys
class Example:
def __init__(self):
self.doRequest()
def doRequest(self):
url = "http://www.something.com"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QUrl(url))
self.nam = QtNetwork.QNetworkAccessManager()
self.nam.finished.connect(self.handleResponse)
self.nam.get(req)
def handleResponse(self, reply):
er = reply.error()
if er == QtNetwork.QNetworkReply.NoError:
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
print(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
else:
print("Error occured: ", er)
print(reply.errorString())
QCoreApplication.quit()
app = QCoreApplication([])
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
该示例检索指定网页的HTML代码。
url = "http://www.something.com"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QUrl(url))
通过QNetworkRequest，我们将请求发送到指定的URL
self.nam = QtNetwork.QNetworkAccessManager()
self.nam.finished.connect(self.handleResponse)
self.nam.get(req)
创建一个QNetworkAccessManager对象。请求完成后，将调用handleResponse（）方法。使用get（）方法触发该请求。
def handleResponse(self, reply):
er = reply.error()
if er == QtNetwork.QNetworkReply.NoError:
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
print(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
else:
print("Error occured: ", er)
print(reply.errorString())
QCoreApplication.quit()
handleResponse（）接收一个QNetworkReply对象。它包含已发送请求的数据和标头。如果网络回复中没有错误，我们将使用readAll（）方法读取所有数据；否则，我们将显示错误消息。errorString（）返回人类可读的最后发生的错误的描述。readAll（）返回QByteArray中必须解码的数据。
输出的内容：
$ ./get_request.py
<html><head><title>Something.</title></head>
<body>Something.</body>
</html>
HTTP POST请求
HTTP POST方法将数据发送到服务器。请求主体的类型由Content-Type标头指示。POST请求通常通过HTML表单发送。请求中发送的数据可以采用不同的方式进行编码。在application / x-www-form-urlencoded中，值被编码为键值元组，并以’＆‘分隔，键和值之间带有’=’。非字母数字字符采用百分比编码。multipart / form-data用于二进制数据和文件上传。
post_request.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
QNetworkAccessManager in PyQt
In this example we post data to a web page.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: September 2017
'''
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtNetwork
import sys, json
class Example:
def __init__(self):
self.doRequest()
def doRequest(self):
data = QtCore.QByteArray()
data.append("name=Peter&")
data.append("age=34")
url = "https://httpbin.org/post"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QtCore.QUrl(url))
req.setHeader(QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest.ContentTypeHeader,
"application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
self.nam = QtNetwork.QNetworkAccessManager()
self.nam.finished.connect(self.handleResponse)
self.nam.post(req, data)
def handleResponse(self, reply):
er = reply.error()
if er == QtNetwork.QNetworkReply.NoError:
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
json_ar = json.loads(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
data = json_ar['form']
print('Name: {0}'.format(data['name']))
print('Age: {0}'.format(data['age']))
print()
else:
print("Error occurred: ", er)
print(reply.errorString())
QtCore.QCoreApplication.quit()
app = QtCore.QCoreApplication([])
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
该示例将发布请求发送到https://httpbin.org/post测试站点，该站点将数据以JSON格式发送回。
data = QtCore.QByteArray()
data.append("name=Peter&")
data.append("age=34")
根据规范，我们对在QByteArray中发送的数据进行编码。
url = "https://httpbin.org/post"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QtCore.QUrl(url))
req.setHeader(QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest.ContentTypeHeader,
"application/x-www-form-urlencoded")
We specify the application/x-www-form-urlencoded encoding type.
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
json_ar = json.loads(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
data = json_ar['form']
print('Name: {0}'.format(data['name']))
print('Age: {0}'.format(data['age']))
print()
在处理程序方法中，我们读取响应数据并将其解码。使用内置的json模块，我们提取发布的数据。
输出内容
$ ./post_request.py
Name: Peter
Age: 34
使用QNetworkAccessManager进行身份验证
每当最终服务器在传递所请求的内容之前请求身份验证时，都会发出authenticationRequired信号。
authenticate.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
QNetworkAccessManager in PyQt
In this example, we show how to authenticate
to a web page.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: September 2017
'''
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtNetwork
import sys, json
class Example:
def __init__(self):
self.doRequest()
def doRequest(self):
self.auth = 0
url = "https://httpbin.org/basic-auth/user7/passwd7"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QtCore.QUrl(url))
self.nam = QtNetwork.QNetworkAccessManager()
self.nam.authenticationRequired.connect(self.authenticate)
self.nam.finished.connect(self.handleResponse)
self.nam.get(req)
def authenticate(self, reply, auth):
print("Authenticating")
self.auth += 1
if self.auth >= 3:
reply.abort()
auth.setUser("user7")
auth.setPassword("passwd7")
def handleResponse(self, reply):
er = reply.error()
if er == QtNetwork.QNetworkReply.NoError:
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
data = json.loads(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
print('Authenticated: {0}'.format(data['authenticated']))
print('User: {0}'.format(data['user']))
print()
else:
print("Error occurred: ", er)
print(reply.errorString())
QtCore.QCoreApplication.quit()
app = QtCore.QCoreApplication([])
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
在示例中，使用https://httpbin.org网站显示如何使用QNetworkAccessManager进行身份验证。
self.nam.authenticationRequired.connect(self.authenticate)
我们将authenticationRequired信号连接到authenticate（）方法。
def authenticate(self, reply, auth):
print("Authenticating")
authenticate（）方法的第三个参数是QAuthenticator，它用于传递所需的身份验证信息。
self.auth += 1
if self.auth >= 3:
reply.abort()
如果验证失败，则QNetworkAccessManager会继续发出authenticationRequired信号。我们尝试了三遍失败后中止了该过程。
auth.setUser("user7")
auth.setPassword("passwd7")
We set the user and the password to the QAuthenticator.
bytes_string = reply.readAll()
data = json.loads(str(bytes_string, 'utf-8'))
print('Authenticated: {0}'.format(data['authenticated']))
print('User: {0}'.format(data['user']))
print()
https://httpbin.org以JSON数据作为响应，该数据包含用户名和指示认证成功的布尔值。
输出内容如下：
$ ./authenticate.py
Authenticating
Authenticated: True
User: user7
提取一个网站图标
网站图标是与特定网站相关的小图标。在以下示例中，我们将从网站上下载网站图标。
fetch_icon.py
#!/usr/bin/python3
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
'''
QNetworkAccessManager in PyQt
In this example we fetch a favicon from
a website.
Author: Jan Bodnar
Website: zetcode.com
Last edited: September 2017
'''
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtNetwork
import sys
class Example:
def __init__(self):
self.doRequest()
def doRequest(self):
url = "http://www.google.com/favicon.ico"
req = QtNetwork.QNetworkRequest(QtCore.QUrl(url))
self.nam = QtNetwork.QNetworkAccessManager()
self.nam.finished.connect(self.handleResponse)
self.nam.get(req)
def handleResponse(self, reply):
er = reply.error()
if er == QtNetwork.QNetworkReply.NoError:
data = reply.readAll()
self.saveFile(data)
else:
print("Error occured: ", er)
print(reply.errorString())
QtCore.QCoreApplication.quit()
def saveFile(self, data):
f = open('favicon.ico', 'wb')
with f:
f.write(data)
app = QtCore.QCoreApplication([])
ex = Example()
sys.exit(app.exec_())
该代码示例下载了Google的收藏夹图标。
self.nam.get(req)
我们使用get（）方法下载图标。
data = reply.readAll()
self.saveFile(data)
在handleResponse（）方法中，我们读取数据并将其保存到文件中。
def saveFile(self, data):
f = open('favicon.ico', 'wb')
with f:
f.write(data)
图像数据通过saveFile（）方法保存在磁盘上。
在本教程中，我们使用了QNetworkAccessManager。
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