一. Mysql多实例编译安装
-------------------------------------
1.多实例定义：
同一套mysql程序，不同的“my.cnf,启动程序，端口”。属于逻辑上面的多实例。
2.下载mysql-5.5.32.tar.gz
3.安装相关依赖：
yum install ncurses-devel libaio-devel cmake gcc-c++
4.创建用户：
useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M
5.解压缩开始编译：
cmake -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/ -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/data/mysql \
-DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/tmp/mysql.sock -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=gbk,gb2312,utf8,ascii -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=ON -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \
-DWITHOUT_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 -DWITH_FAST_MUTEXES=1 -DWITH_ZLIB=bundled -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \
-DWITH_READLINE=1 -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 -DWITH_DEBUG=0make&&make install
6.创建实例目录：
mkdir -p /data/{3306,3307}/data
7.创建配置文件：
PS：server-id 每个实例要不一样。
vim /data/3306/my.cnf
[client]
port = 3306
socket = /data/3306/mysql.sock
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
[mysqld]
user = mysql
port = 3306
socket = /data/3306/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32
datadir = /data/3306/data
open_files_limit = 1024
character-set-server = utf8
back_log = 600
max_connections = 800
max_connect_errors = 3000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet =8M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
join_buffer_size = 1M
thread_cache_size = 100
thread_concurrency = 2
query_cache_size = 2M
query_cache_limit = 1M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
#default_table_type = InnoDB
thread_stack = 192K
#transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 2M
max_heap_table_size = 2M
long_query_time = 1
#log_long_format
#log-error = /data/3306/error.log
#log-slow-queries = /data/3306/slow.log
pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid
log-bin = /data/3306/mysql-bin
relay-log = /data/3306/relay-bin
relay-log-info-file = /data/3306/relay-log.info
binlog_cache_size = 1M
max_binlog_cache_size = 1M
max_binlog_size = 2M
expire_logs_days = 7
key_buffer_size = 16M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 1M
#myisam_sort_buffer_size = 1M
#myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
#myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size = 10G
#myisam_repair_threads = 1
#myisam_recover
lower_case_table_names = 1
skip-name-resolve
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062
#replicate-ignore-db = mysql
server-id = 1
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 4M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16G #设置成内存的一半最好
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:128M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 2M
innodb_log_file_size = 4M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 2M
[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/data/3306/mysql_3306.err
pid-file=/data/3306/mysqld.pid
vim /data/3307/my.cnf
[client]
port = 3307
socket = /data/3307/mysql.sock
[mysql]
no-auto-rehash
[mysqld]
user = mysql
port = 3307
socket = /data/3307/mysql.sock
basedir = /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32
datadir = /data/3307/data
open_files_limit = 1024
character-set-server = utf8
back_log = 600
max_connections = 800
max_connect_errors = 3000
table_cache = 614
external-locking = FALSE
max_allowed_packet =8M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
join_buffer_size = 1M
thread_cache_size = 100
thread_concurrency = 2
query_cache_size = 2M
query_cache_limit = 1M
query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k
#default_table_type = InnoDB
thread_stack = 192K
#transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED
tmp_table_size = 2M
max_heap_table_size = 2M
#long_query_time = 1
#log_long_format
#log-error = /data/3307/error.log
#log-slow-queries = /data/3307/slow.log
pid-file = /data/3307/mysql.pid
#log-bin = /data/3307/mysql-bin
relay-log = /data/3307/relay-bin
relay-log-info-file = /data/3307/relay-log.info
binlog_cache_size = 1M
max_binlog_cache_size = 1M
max_binlog_size = 2M
expire_logs_days = 7
key_buffer_size = 16M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M
bulk_insert_buffer_size = 1M
#myisam_sort_buffer_size = 1M
#myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G
#myisam_max_extra_sort_file_size = 10G
#myisam_repair_threads = 1
#myisam_recover
lower_case_table_names = 1
skip-name-resolve
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062
#replicate-ignore-db = mysql
server-id = 3
innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 4M
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 16G #设置成内存的一半
innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:128M:autoextend
innodb_file_io_threads = 4
innodb_thread_concurrency = 8
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2
innodb_log_buffer_size = 2M
innodb_log_file_size = 4M
innodb_log_files_in_group = 3
innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90
innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120
innodb_file_per_table = 0
[mysqldump]
quick
max_allowed_packet = 2M
[mysqld_safe]
log-error=/data/3307/mysql_3307.err
pid-file=/data/3307/mysqld.pid
vim /data/3306/mysql
#3307只要改动port参数就可以
#!/bin/sh
#init
port=3306
mysql_user="root"
mysql_pwd="Root123"
cmdpath="/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/bin"
mysql_sock="/data/${port}/mysql.sock"
#startup function
function_start_mysql()
{
if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then
echo "starting mysql…"
/bin/sh ${cmdpath}/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/${port}/my.cnf 2>&1 > /devull &
else
echo "mysql is running…"
exit
fi
}
#stop function
function_stop_mysql()
{
if [ ! -e "$mysql_sock" ];then
echo "mysql is stopped…"
exit
else
echo "stoping mysql…"
${cmdpath}/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_user} -p${mysql_pwd} -S /data/${port}/mysql.sock shutdown
fi
}
#restart function
function_restart_mysql()
{
echo "restarting mysql…"
function_stop_mysql
sleep 2
function_start_mysql
}
case $1 in
start)
function_start_mysql
;;
stop)
function_stop_mysql
;;
restart)
function_restart_mysql
;;
*)
echo "usage: /data/${port}/mysql {start|stop|restart}"
esac
chown -R mysql:mysql /data/
find /data -type f -name mysql -exec chmod 700 {} \;
10.添加环境变量：
echo 'export PATH=/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/bin/:$PATH' >> /etc/profile
11.初始化数据库：
cd /usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/scripts/
./mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/ --datadir=/data/3306/data/ --user=mysql
./mysql_install_db --basedir=/usr/local/mysql-5.5.32/ --datadir=/data/3307/data/ --user=mysql
12.启动数据库：
/data/3306/mysql start
/data/3307/mysql start
13.设置数据库root密码：
mysqladmin -uroot password Root123 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock
mysqladmin -uroot password Root456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock
14.登陆数据库：
mysql -uroot -pRoot123 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock
mysql -uroot -pRoot456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock
15.远程登陆数据库：
mysql -uroot -pRoot123 -h 172.16.1.214 -P 3306
二. Mysql主从复制基础
-------------------------------------
1.主动复制架构图：
2.主从复制流程图：
3.主从复制条件：
#我们下面的操作是多实例主从复制，3306为主库，3307为从库。
主库要开启log-bin，主库和从库的server-id要不一样。
4.在主库上面创建同步用户：
mysql> grant replication slave on *.* to 'rep'@'172.16.1.%' identified by 'Root1234'; #后面的密码要设置复杂些。
mysql> flush privileges;
5.导出主库数据文件：
一。常规方法：
mysql> flush table with read lock; #先锁表，锁表后不能退出mysql窗口，否则失效
mysql> show master status; #记录bin-log的位置信息
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| File | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
| mysql-bin.000004 | 560 | | |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+
mysqldump -uroot -pRoot123 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock --events -A -B|gzip >/tmp/bak_$(date +%F).sql.gz
mysql> unlock tables; #解锁数据库
二。快捷方法：
mysqldump -uroot -pRoot123 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock --events -A -B -F --master-data=2 -x|gzip >/tmp/bak_f_$(date +%F).sql.gz
-x 自动锁表
-F --master-data=2 以备注形式记录bin-log的位置。（可以打开文件看头部备注信息）6.还原备份内容到从库：
gzip -d bak_2016-12-02.sql.gz
mysql -uroot -pRoot456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock < bak_2016-12-02.sql
7.在从库创建master_info文件,并启动同步：
mysql -uroot -pRoot456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock <<EOF
CHANGE MASTER TO
MASTER_HOST='172.16.1.214',
MASTER_PORT=3306,
MASTER_USER='rep',
MASTER_PASSWORD='Root1234',
MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000004',
MASTER_LOG_POS=560;
EOF
mysql> start slave; #开启同步
mysql> show slave status \G ; #查看同步状态信息
8.监控mysql主从复制的状态指标：
mysql -uroot -pRoot456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock -e "show slave status \G ;" | egrep -i "_Running|_Behind"
Slave_IO_Running: Yes #同步进程是否启动
Slave_SQL_Running: Yes #sql进程是否启动
Seconds_Behind_Master: 0 #从库同步完成需要的时间
三. Mysql主主复制+读写分离进阶
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1.如果出现同步错误，需要忽略错误，进行下条语句继续同步。
mysql> stop slave;
mysql> set global sql_slave_skip_counter =1;
mysql> start slave
vim /data/3307/my.cnf
slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062,1007,1008
3.让从库开启bin_log的办法：
vim /data/3307/my.cnf
log-slave-updates
log-bin = /data/3307/mysql-bin
expire_logs_days = 7 #日志只保留7天
4,.双主库同步方案：
a.让表的ID自增，让主1写1,3,5 主2 写2,4,6。
A增加：
auto_increment_increment = 2
auto_increment_offset=1
B增加：
b.不让表的ID自增，通过WEB程序去seq服务器取ID，写入双主。
5.读写分离的方案：
a.通过开发的程序控制读写的位置。 （推荐）
b.通过开源软件实现。（Amoeba，Mysql_proxy）
c.自己开发DAL层。（大公司用）
6.增量备份步骤：
一。选择一台从库，不对外提供业务，专门用了做备份。此从库开启bin_log功能，做增量备份。
二。备份的时候需要停止sql线程,在用mysqldump备份：
stop slave sql_thread; #停止sql线程,不会停止同步IO进程
三。然后将备份文件和bin_log文件远程保存起来。
下面命令可以用来远程备份bin_log:
mysqlbinlog --read-from-remote-server --raw --host=172.16.1.214 --port=3306 --user=rep --password=Root1234 --stop-never mysql-bin.000001
7.主从复制延时原因：
a.从库太多，一般要3-5个
b.从库配置太低。
c.慢sql过多。
d.高版本mysql支持多线程复制
8.同一账号在主从库拥有不同权限方案：
a.在主库上创建拥有读写权限账号，然后再从库上面收回写入权限。
mysql> grant insert,update,delete,select on *.* to web@'172.16.1.%' identified by '123'; #创建web用户对所有表拥有读写权限，主库执行。
mysql> show grants form web@'172.16.1.%'; #查看用户权限
mysql> REVOKE insert,update,delete ON *.* FROM 'web'@'172.16.1.%'; #回收web用户写入权限，从库执行
b.从库不同步mysql授权表：（推荐方案）
my.cnf 里面加：
replicate-ignore-db = mysql
binlog-ignore-db = mysql
c.在从库设置read-only:
mysql> set global read_only=1;
或者 my.cnf 加 read-only
四. Mysql 灾难恢复演练
--------------------------------------------------------------------
1.主库当机从库接管方案：
a.半同步从库(谷歌半同步插件)。b.选一台从库什么都不干，等着接管。
c.当机后选举一台从库来当主库。
2.查看从库的同步状态：
mysql> show processlist\G;
3.手动从库提升成主库的步骤：
a.停止同步，重置master。
mysql> stop slave ;
mysql> reset master;
b.删除目录文件里面的master.info 和 relay-bin。
c.取消read-only设置，确认bin-log是否开启。
d.重启数据库。
PS: 有一个软件“MHA”可以自动实现上面操作。
4.mysql的高可用方案：
MYSQL+HA+DRBD
MYSQL+MHA
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