Shell编程基础系列(1)------ls
LS(1) User Commands LS(1)
NAME
ls - list directory contents
SYNOPSIS
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
DESCRIPTION
List information about the FILEs (the current directory by
default). Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor
--sort is specified.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short
options too.
-a, --all
do not ignore entries starting with .
-A, --almost-all
do not list implied . and ..
--author
with -l, print the author of each file
-b, --escape
print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
--block-size=SIZE
scale sizes by SIZE before printing them. E.g.,
'--block-size=M' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes.
See SIZE format below.
-B, --ignore-backups
do not list implied entries ending with ~
-c with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modifica‐
tion of file status information) with -l: show ctime and
sort by name otherwise: sort by ctime, newest first
-C list entries by columns
--color[=WHEN]
colorize the output. WHEN defaults to 'always' or can be
'never' or 'auto'. More info below
-d, --directory
list directory entries instead of contents, and do not
dereference symbolic links
-D, --dired
generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode
-f do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color
-F, --classify
append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries
--file-type
likewise, except do not append '*'
--format=WORD
across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-col‐
umn -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
--full-time
like -l --time-style=full-iso
-g like -l, but do not list owner
--group-directories-first
group directories before files.
augment with a --sort option, but any use of --sort=none
(-U) disables grouping
-G, --no-group
in a long listing, don't print group names
-h, --human-readable
with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K
234M 2G)
--si likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024
-H, --dereference-command-line
follow symbolic links listed on the command line
--dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
follow each command line symbolic link that points to a
directory
--hide=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN (over‐
ridden by -a or -A)
--indicator-style=WORD
append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none
(default), slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify
(-F)
-i, --inode
print the index number of each file
-I, --ignore=PATTERN
do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
-k, --kibibytes
use 1024-byte blocks
-l use a long listing format
-L, --dereference
when showing file information for a symbolic link, show
information for the file the link references rather than
for the link itself
-m fill width with a comma separated list of entries
-n, --numeric-uid-gid
like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs
-N, --literal
print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters
specially)
-o like -l, but do not list group information
-p, --indicator-style=slash
append / indicator to directories
-q, --hide-control-chars
print ? instead of non graphic characters
--show-control-chars
show non graphic characters as-is (default unless program
is 'ls' and output is a terminal)
-Q, --quote-name
enclose entry names in double quotes
--quoting-style=WORD
use quoting style WORD for entry names: literal, locale,
shell, shell-always, c, escape
-r, --reverse
reverse order while sorting
-R, --recursive
list subdirectories recursively
-s, --size
print the allocated size of each file, in blocks
-S sort by file size
--sort=WORD
sort by WORD instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size
-S, time -t, version -v
--time=WORD
with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification time:
atime -u, access -u, use -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use
specified time as sort key if --sort=time
--time-style=STYLE
with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso,
iso, locale, +FORMAT. FORMAT is interpreted like 'date';
if FORMAT is FORMAT1<newline>FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to
non-recent files and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is
prefixed with 'posix-', STYLE takes effect only outside
the POSIX locale
-t sort by modification time, newest first
-T, --tabsize=COLS
assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8
-u with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with -l: show
access time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access
time
-U do not sort; list entries in directory order
-v natural sort of (version) numbers within text
-w, --width=COLS
assume screen width instead of current value
-x list entries by lines instead of by columns
-X sort alphabetically by entry extension
-Z, --context
print any SELinux security context of each file
-1 list one file per line
--help display this help and exit
--version
output version information and exit
SIZE is an integer and optional unit (example: 10M is
10*1024*1024). Units are K, M, G, T, P, E, Z, Y (powers of 1024)
or KB, MB, ... (powers of 1000).
Using color to distinguish file types is disabled both by default
and with --color=never. With --color=auto, ls emits color codes
only when standard output is connected to a terminal. The
LS_COLORS environment variable can change the settings. Use the
dircolors command to set it.
Exit status:
0 if OK,
1 if minor problems (e.g., cannot access subdirectory),
2 if serious trouble (e.g., cannot access command-line argu‐
ment).
AUTHOR
Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
REPORTING BUGS
Report ls bugs to bug-coreutils@gnu.org
GNU coreutils home page: <http://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/>
General help using GNU software: <http://www.gnu.org/gethelp/>
Report ls translation bugs to <http://translationpro‐
ject.org/team/>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright © 2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+:
GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>.
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute
it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SEE ALSO
The full documentation for ls is maintained as a Texinfo manual.
If the info and ls programs are properly installed at your site,
the command
info coreutils 'ls invocation'
should give you access to the complete manual.
GNU coreutils 8.20 October 2012 LS(1)