Flutter 基础-上

最新推荐文章于 2024-06-23 07:17:46 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-06-23 07:17:46 发布

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分类专栏：技术文章标签： flutter android

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/woyebuzhidao321/article/details/128635544

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一、初始化项目

在这里插入图片描述

Material Design (Google 推出的前端UI 解决方案)
- 官网: https://www.material.io/
- 中文网: https://material-io.cn/
Flutter 中一切内容都是组件(Widget)
- 无状态组件(StatelessWidget)
- 有状态组件(StatefulWidget)

二、app结构

MaterialApp
- title (任务管理器中的标题)
- home (主内容)
- debugShowCheckedModeBanner (是否显示左上角调试标记)
Scaffold
- appBar (应用头部)
- body (应用主体)
- float ingAct ionButton (浮按)
- drawer (左侧抽菜单)
- endDrawer (右侧抽菜单)

在这里插入图片描述

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("首页"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: HelloFlutter()
    );
  }
}

class HelloFlutter extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: Center(
        child: Text(
          "Hello Flutter",
          textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
        )
      )
    );
  }
}

三、文本组件Text

Text
- TextDirection (文本方向)
- TextStyle (文本样式)
  - Colors (文本颜色)
  - FontWeight (字体细)
  - FontStyle (字体样式)
- TextAlign (文本对齐)
- TextOverflow (文本出)
- maxLines (指定显示的行数)
RichText与TextSpan

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Text"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: TextDemo()
    );
  }
}

class TextDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        Text(
          "Flutter 是谷歌开发的一款开源、免费的，基于 Dart 语言的移动 UI 框架，可以快速在 iOS 和 Android 上构建高质量的原生应用。",
          textDirection: TextDirection.ltr,
          style: TextStyle(
            fontSize: 30,
            color: Colors.red,
            fontWeight: FontWeight.w500,
            fontStyle: FontStyle.italic,
            decoration: TextDecoration.lineThrough,
            decorationColor: Colors.blue,
            // fontFamily: 'SourceSansPro',
          ),
          textAlign: TextAlign.left,
          maxLines: 3,
          overflow: TextOverflow.ellipsis,
          textScaleFactor: 1.5,
        ),
        RichText(
          text: TextSpan(
            text: "Hello",
            style: TextStyle(
              fontSize: 40,
              color: Color.fromARGB(255, 0, 0, 255)
            ),
            children: [
              TextSpan(
                text: "Flutter",
                style: TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 40,
                  color: Color.fromRGBO(255, 0, 0, 0.5)
                ),
              ),
              TextSpan(
                text: "你好世界",
                style: TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 30,
                  color: Color.fromARGB(0xFF, 0x00, 0xFF, 0x00)
                ),
              )
            ]
          ),
        )
      ],
    );
  }
}

在这里插入图片描述

四、设置自定义字体

下载并导入字体
- https://fonts.google.com/
- 加压压缩包,将字体文件复制到Flutter项目中
在pubspec.yaml中声明字体
使用
- 为整个应用设置默认自定义字体
- 为某个组件设置自定义字体

五、常用

I con
- Flutter 中的图标库Icon (Icons. 具体名称)
在线预览
- https://material. io/resources/icons

六、color

在这里插入图片描述

布局- Container
child (声明子组件)
padding (margin)
- Edgelnsets (all(), fromLTRB(), only())
decoration
- BoxDecoration (边框、圆角、渐变、阴影、背景色、背景图片)
alignment
- Alignment (内容对齐)
transform
- Matrix4 (移- translate,旋转 - rotate、缩放- scale、斜切 - skew)

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Text"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ContainerDemo()
    );
  }
}

class ContainerDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: Text(
        "Flutter 是谷歌开发的一款开源、免费的，基于 Dart 语言的移动 UI 框架，可以快速在 iOS 和 Android 上构建高质量的原生应用。",
        style: TextStyle(
          fontSize: 20
        ),
      ),
      // width: 200,
      // height: 200,
      width: double.infinity,
      height: double.infinity,
      padding: EdgeInsets.all(10.0),
      margin: EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(10.0, 30.0, 0.0, 5.0),
    );
  }
}

七、container-盒子

child(声明子组件）
padding (margin)
- Edgelnsets (all()、 fromLTRB()、 only())
decoration
- BoxDecoration（边框、圆角、渐变、阴影、背景色、背景图
alignment
- Alignment （内容对齐）
transform
- Matrix4（平移 -translate、旋转-rotate、缩放 -scale、斜切 -skew）

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Text"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ContainerDemo()
    );
  }
}

class ContainerDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: Text(
        "Flutter 是谷歌开发的一款开源、免费的，基于 Dart 语言的移动 UI 框架，可以快速在 iOS 和 Android 上构建高质量的原生应用。",
        style: TextStyle(
          fontSize: 20
        ),
      ),
      // width: 200,
      // height: 200,
      width: double.infinity,
      height: double.infinity,
      padding: EdgeInsets.all(10.0),
      margin: EdgeInsets.fromLTRB(10.0, 30.0, 0.0, 5.0),
    );
  }
}

八、布局-线性布局

Column
- Column 中的主轴方向是垂直方
- mainAxisAlignment:MainAxisAlignment 主轴对齐方
- crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment 交叉抽对齐方式
- children: 内容
Row
- Row 中的主轴方向是水平方向（其他属性与 Column 一致)

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Column_Row"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ColumnRowDemo()
    );
  }
}

class ColumnRowDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      color: Colors.lightGreen,
      width: double.infinity,
      child: Column(
        // 主轴的对齐方式
        mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
        // 交叉轴的对齐方式
        crossAxisAlignment: CrossAxisAlignment.center,
        children: [
          Icon(Icons.access_alarms, size: 50),
          Icon(Icons.accessible_forward_rounded, size: 50),
          Icon(Icons.settings, size: 50),
          Icon(Icons.add_box, size: 50),
          Row(
            mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround,
            children: [
              Icon(Icons.access_alarms, size: 50),
              Icon(Icons.accessible_forward_rounded, size: 50),
              Icon(Icons.settings, size: 50),
              Icon(Icons.add_box, size: 50),
            ],
          ),
        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

九、布局-弹性布局

Flex
- direction (声明主轴方向)
- mainAxisAlignment (声明主轴对齐方式)
- textDirection (声明水平方向的排列顺序）
- crossAxisAlignment （声明交叉轴对齐方式）
- verticalDirection (声明垂直方向的排列顺序)
- children (声明子组件）
Expanded （可伸缩组件）
- flex (声明弹性布局所占比例
- child (声明子组件)

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Flex"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: FlexDemo()
    );
  }
}

class FlexDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        // 验证 Expanded
        Row(
          children: [
            Container(
              color: Colors.lightBlue,
              height: 50,
              width: 50,
            ),
            Expanded(
              child: Container(
                color: Colors.lightGreen,
                height: 50,
              ),
            )
          ],
        ),
        Flex(
          direction: Axis.horizontal,
          mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround,
          // 声明水平方向的排列方式
          textDirection: TextDirection.rtl,
          children: [
            Icon(Icons.access_alarms, size: 50),
            Icon(Icons.accessible_forward_rounded, size: 50),
            Icon(Icons.settings, size: 50),
            Icon(Icons.add_box, size: 50),
          ],
        ),
        Flex(
          direction: Axis.horizontal,
          children: [
            Expanded(
              child: Container(
                color: Colors.tealAccent,
                height: 50,
              ),
              flex: 2,
            ),
            Expanded(
              child: Container(
                color: Colors.amberAccent,
                height: 50,
              ),
              flex: 1,
            )
          ],
        ),
        Container(
          height: 100,
          margin: EdgeInsets.all(50),
          child: Flex(
            direction: Axis.vertical,
            verticalDirection: VerticalDirection.up,
            children: [
              Expanded(
                child: Container(
                  color: Colors.tealAccent,
                  height: 50,
                ),
                flex: 2,
              ),
              // Spacer(
              //   flex: 1
              // ),
              Expanded(
                child: Container(
                  color: Colors.amberAccent,
                  height: 50,
                ),
                flex: 1,
              )
            ],
          ),
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

十、布局-流式布局

Wrap（解决内容溢出问题）
- spacing（主轴方向子组件的间距)
- alignment （主轴方向的对齐方式)
- runSpacing（纵轴方向子组件的间距)
- runAlignment （纵轴方向的对齐方式）
Chip （标签）
CircleAvatar (圆形头像）

在这里插入图片描述

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Wrap"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: WrapDemo()
    );
  }
}

class WrapDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  List<String> _list = [
    '曹操', '司马懿', '曹仁', '曹洪', '张辽', '许褚'
  ];

  List<Widget> _weiGuo() {
    return _list.map((item) => Chip(
      avatar: CircleAvatar(
        backgroundColor: Colors.pink,
        child: Text('魏'),
      ),
      label: Text(item),
    )).toList();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceEvenly,
      children: [
        Wrap(
          children: _weiGuo(),
          spacing: 18.0, // 水平方向的间距
          alignment: WrapAlignment.spaceAround, // 主轴方向的对齐方式
          runSpacing: 100, // 垂直方向的间距
          // runAlignment: WrapAlignment.spaceAround, // 交叉轴方向i的对齐方式
        ),

        Wrap(
          children: [
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('刘备'),
            ),
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('关羽'),
            ),
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('张飞'),
            ),
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('赵云'),
            ),
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('诸葛亮'),
            ),
            Chip(
              avatar: CircleAvatar(
                backgroundColor: Colors.blue,
                child: Text('蜀'),
              ),
              label: Text('黄忠'),
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

十一、布局-层叠布局

Stack (层叠组件-类似 css 中的 z-index)
- alignment (声明未定位子组件的对齐方式）
- textDirection (声明未定位子组件的排列顺序)
Positioned (绝对定位组件）
- child (声明子组件)
- left、 top、 right、 bottom
- width、 height
Networklmage （网络图片组件）
- Networklmage(‘图片地址’)
- <uses-permission android:name=“android.permission.INTERNET” />

配置网络图片访问权限
在这里插入图片描述
设置允许访问http协议

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("层叠布局"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: StackDemo()
    );
  }
}

class StackDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: Stack(
        // 声明未定位的子组件的排序方式
        textDirection: TextDirection.rtl,
        // 声明未定位的子组件的对齐方式
        alignment: AlignmentDirectional.bottomEnd,
        children: [
          CircleAvatar(
            backgroundImage: NetworkImage('http://img12.360buyimg.com/n1/jfs/t1/133894/17/20175/388796/5fdb4134E17deda69/15535fe4303a1630.png'),
            radius: 200,
          ),
          Positioned(
            child: Container(
              color: Colors.red,
              padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
              child: Text(
                '热卖',
                style: TextStyle(
                  color: Colors.white,
                  fontSize: 20
                ),
              )
            ),
            top: 50,
            right: 40
          ),
          Text(
            'Hello',
            style: TextStyle(
              color: Colors.black,
              fontSize: 40
            ),
          )
        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

十二、布局-Card

Card（卡片）
- child 子组件
- color 背景色
- shadowColor 阴影色
- elevation 阴影高度
- shape 边框样式
- margin 外边距
ListTile （列表瓦片）
- leading（头部组件）
- title （标题）
- subtitle （子标题）

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("卡片"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: CardDemo()
    );
  }
}

class CardDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        Card(
          margin: EdgeInsets.all(30),
          color: Colors.purpleAccent[100],
          shadowColor: Colors.yellow, // 阴影颜色
          elevation: 20, // 阴影高度
          shape: RoundedRectangleBorder(
            borderRadius: BorderRadius.circular(40),
            side: BorderSide(
              color: Colors.yellow,
              width: 3,
            ),
          ),
          child: Column(
            children: [
              ListTile(
                leading: Icon(
                  Icons.supervised_user_circle_rounded,
                  size: 50
                ),
                title: Text(
                  "张三",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 30
                  ),
                ),
                subtitle: Text(
                  "董事长",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              Divider(),
              ListTile(
                title: Text(
                  "电话：13333333333",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              ListTile(
                title: Text(
                  "地址：XXXXXXXX",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              )
            ],
          )
        ),
        Card(
          margin: EdgeInsets.all(30),
          child: Column(
            children: [
              ListTile(
                leading: Icon(
                  Icons.supervised_user_circle_rounded,
                  size: 50
                ),
                title: Text(
                  "李四",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 30
                  ),
                ),
                subtitle: Text(
                  "总经理",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              Divider(),
              ListTile(
                title: Text(
                  "电话：13333333333",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              ),
              ListTile(
                title: Text(
                  "地址：XXXXXXXX",
                  style: TextStyle(
                    fontSize: 20
                  ),
                ),
              )
            ],
          )
        )
      ],
    );
  }
}

效果：在这里插入图片描述

十三、按钮

Flutter 1.22之前
- FlatButton（扁平按钮）
- RaisedButton (凸起按钮)
- OutlineButton (轮廓按钮）
Flutter 1.22之后
- TextButton (文本按钮-用来替换 FlatButton)
- ElevatedButton (凸起按钮-用来替换 RaisedButton)
- OutlinedButton（轮廓按钮-用来替换 OutlineButton)

旧按钮 vs 新按钮

为什么会新增按钮？

以前的按钮调整为统一的外观比较麻烦，经常自定义大量按钮样式新按钮将外观属性集合为一个 ButtonStyle，非常方便统一控制。

在这里插入图片描述

按钮

图标按钮
- IconButton
- TextButton.icon()
- ElevatedButton.icon()
- OutlinedButton.icon()
ButtonBar (按钮组)
FloatingActionButton (浮动按钮)
BackButton (回退按钮）
CloseButton （关闭按钮）

import 'dart:ui';

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Button"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ButtonDemo(),
      floatingActionButton: FloatingActionButton(
        onPressed: (){},
        tooltip: 'Increment',
        child: Icon(Icons.add),
        backgroundColor: Colors.green,
        elevation: 0,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class ButtonDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
      child: Wrap(
        children: [
          TextButton(
            onPressed: () {
              print('点击 TextButton');
            }, 
            onLongPress: () {
              print('长按 TextButton');
            },
            child: Text('TextButton')
          ),
          ElevatedButton(
            onPressed: () {
              print('点击 ElevatedButton');
            }, 
            onLongPress: () {
              print('长按 ElevatedButton');
            },
            child: Text('ElevatedButton')
          ),
          OutlinedButton(
            onPressed: () {
              print('点击 OutlinedButton');
            }, 
            onLongPress: () {
              print('长按 OutlinedButton');
            },
            child: Text('OutlinedButton')
          ),
          OutlinedButton(
            onPressed: () {
              print('点击 OutlinedButton');
            }, 
            onLongPress: () {
              print('长按 OutlinedButton');
            },
            child: Text('轮廓按钮'),
            style: ButtonStyle(
              textStyle: MaterialStateProperty.all(
                TextStyle(
                  fontSize: 30
                )
              ),
              foregroundColor: MaterialStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                if (states.contains(MaterialState.pressed)) {
                  // 按下按钮时的前景色
                  return Colors.red;
                }
                // 默认状态的颜色
                return Colors.blue;
              }),
              backgroundColor: MaterialStateProperty.resolveWith((states) {
                if (states.contains(MaterialState.pressed)) {
                  // 按下按钮时的前景色
                  return Colors.yellow;
                }
                // 默认状态的颜色
                return Colors.white;
              }),
              shadowColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(Colors.yellow),
              elevation: MaterialStateProperty.all(20),
              side: MaterialStateProperty.all(
                BorderSide(
                  color: Colors.green,
                  width: 2,
                )
              ),
              // 声明按钮形状
              shape: MaterialStateProperty.all(
                StadiumBorder(
                  side: BorderSide(
                    color: Colors.green,
                    width: 2,
                  )
                )
              ),
              // 设置按钮大小
              minimumSize: MaterialStateProperty.all(Size(200, 100)),
              // 设置水波纹的颜色
              overlayColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(Colors.purple),
            )
          ),
          OutlinedButtonTheme(
            data: OutlinedButtonThemeData(
              style: ButtonStyle(
                overlayColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(Colors.red),
              )
            ), 
            child: OutlinedButton(
              onPressed: () {
                print('点击 OutlinedButton');
              }, 
              onLongPress: () {
                print('长按 OutlinedButton');
              },
              child: Text('轮廓按钮'),
              style: ButtonStyle(
                overlayColor: MaterialStateProperty.all(Colors.blue),
              )
            )
          ),
          // 图标按钮
          IconButton(
            icon: Icon(Icons.add_alarm), 
            onPressed: () {
              print('IconButton');
            },
            color: Colors.red,
            splashColor: Colors.lightBlue,
            highlightColor: Colors.purple,
            tooltip: "怎么了",
          ),
          TextButton.icon(
            icon: Icon(Icons.add_circle),
            label: Text('文本按钮'),
            onPressed: () {

            },
          ),
          ElevatedButton.icon(
            icon: Icon(Icons.add_circle),
            label: Text('凸起按钮'),
            onPressed: () {
              
            },
          ),
          OutlinedButton.icon(
            icon: Icon(Icons.add_circle),
            label: Text('轮廓按钮'),
            onPressed: () {
              
            },
          ),
          // 按钮组
          Container(
            color: Colors.pink[100],
            width: double.infinity,
            child: ButtonBar(
              children: [
                ElevatedButton(
                  onPressed: (){}, 
                  child: Text('按钮一'),
                ),
                ElevatedButton(
                  onPressed: (){}, 
                  child: Text('按钮二'),
                ),
                ElevatedButton(
                  onPressed: (){}, 
                  child: Text('按钮二'),
                ),
                ElevatedButton(
                  onPressed: (){}, 
                  child: Text('按钮二'),
                ),
                ElevatedButton(
                  onPressed: (){}, 
                  child: Text('按钮二'),
                ),
              ],
            )
          ),
          BackButton(
            color: Colors.red,
            onPressed: () {},
          ),
          CloseButton(
            color: Colors.red,
            onPressed: () {},
          ),
        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

效果：在这里插入图片描述

十四、图片

Image.asset （加载本地图片）
- Flutter 项目下，创建图片存储目录
- 在 pubspec.yaml 中的 flutter 部分添加图片配置
- 在代码中加载图片

在这里插入图片描述

Image.network （加载网络图片）保证网络畅通
- 设置网络访问权限
- 允许 http 协议访问

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Image"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ImageDemo()
    );
  }
}

class ImageDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Column(
      children: [
        // 加载本地图片
        Image.asset(
          'images/bg1.jpg',
          width: 200,
          height: 200,
          fit: BoxFit.fill,
        ),
        // 加载网络图片
        Image.network(
          'http://cdn.cnbj1.fds.api.mi-img.com/mi-mall/5a260090e0e08770b0bd865845a4b4ab.jpg',
          repeat: ImageRepeat.repeat,
          colorBlendMode: BlendMode.colorDodge,
          color: Colors.green,
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

在这里插入图片描述

十五、列表-SingleChildScrollView

SingleChildScrollView (类似Android中的 ScrollView)
- child （子组件)
- padding (内边距)
- scrollDirection (滚动方向: Axis.horizontal | Axis.vertical)
- reverse（初始滚动位置，false 头部、true 尾部）
- physics
  - ClampingScrollPhysics: Android 下微光效果
  - BouncingScrollPhysics: ios 下弹性效果

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("SingleChildScrollView"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: SingleChildScrollViewDemo()
    );
  }
}

class SingleChildScrollViewDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Stack(
      children: [
        // 验证水平滚动
        SingleChildScrollView(
          scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
          padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
          reverse: true,
          child: Row(
            children: [
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮一')
              ),
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮二')
              ),
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮三')
              ),
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮四')
              ),
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮五')
              ),
              OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮六')
              ),
            ]
          ),
        ),
        // 垂直方向的滚动
        SingleChildScrollView(
          scrollDirection: Axis.vertical,
          padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
          reverse: true,
          physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(),
          child: Column(
            children: List.generate(
              100, 
              (index) => OutlinedButton(
                onPressed: () {},
                child: Text('按钮$index')
              ),
            )
          ),
        )
      ],
    );
  }
}

在这里插入图片描述

十六、列表-ListView

ListView
- 加载列表的组件（加载所有 Widgets，适用 Widget 较少的场景）
- ListTile (leading、 title、 subtitle、 trailing、 selected)
ListView.builder
- 按需加载 Widget，性能比默认构造函数高，适用 Widget 较多的场景
ListView.separated
- 比 ListView.builder 多了分隔器

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("ListView"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: ListViewDemo()
    );
  }
}

class ListViewDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return SingleChildScrollView(
      child: Column(
        children: [
          ListViewBasic(),
          ListViewHorizontal(),
          ListViewBuilderDemo(),
          ListViewSeperatedDemo(),
        ]
      )
    );
  }
}

class ListViewBasic extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      height: 200,
      child: ListView(
        scrollDirection: Axis.vertical,
        children: [
          ListTile(
            leading: Icon(Icons.access_alarm, size: 50),
            title: Text('access_alarm'),
            subtitle: Text('子标题'),
            trailing: Icon(Icons.keyboard_arrow_right),
          ),
          ListTile(
            leading: Icon(Icons.ac_unit, size: 50),
            title: Text('ac_unit'),
            subtitle: Text('子标题'),
            trailing: Icon(Icons.keyboard_arrow_right),
            selected: true,
            selectedTileColor: Colors.red[100],
          ),
          ListTile(
            leading: Icon(Icons.add_photo_alternate_rounded, size: 50),
            title: Text('add_photo_alternate_rounded'),
            subtitle: Text('子标题'),
            trailing: Icon(Icons.keyboard_arrow_right),
          ),
          ListTile(
            leading: Icon(Icons.fact_check_outlined, size: 50),
            title: Text('fact_check_outlined'),
            subtitle: Text('子标题'),
            trailing: Icon(Icons.keyboard_arrow_right),
          ),
        ]
      )
    );
  }
}

class ListViewHorizontal extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      height: 100,
      child: ListView(
        scrollDirection: Axis.horizontal,
        children: [
          Container(
            width: 160,
            color: Colors.amber,
          ),
          Container(
            width: 160,
            color: Colors.blueAccent,
          ),
          Container(
            width: 160,
            color: Colors.black87,
          ),
          Container(
            width: 160,
            color: Colors.grey,
          ),
        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

class ListViewBuilderDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<Widget> users = new List<Widget>.generate(20, (index) => OutlinedButton(
    onPressed: () {}, 
    child: Text('姓名 $index')
  ));

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      height: 150,
      child: ListView.builder(
        itemCount: users.length,
        itemExtent: 30,
        padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
        itemBuilder: (context, index) {
          return users[index];
        },
      )
    );
  }
}

class ListViewSeperatedDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<Widget> products = List.generate(20, (index) => ListTile(
    leading: Image.asset('images/flutter.jpg'),
    title: Text('商品标题 $index'),
    subtitle: Text('子标题'),
    trailing: Icon(Icons.keyboard_arrow_right),
  ));

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    Widget dividerOdd = Divider(
      color: Colors.blue,
      thickness: 2
    );

    Widget dividerEven = Divider(
      color: Colors.red,
      thickness: 2
    );

    return Column(
      children: [
        ListTile(
          title: Text('商品列表'),
        ),
        Container(
          height: 200,
          child: ListView.separated(
            itemCount: products.length,
            itemBuilder: (context, index) {
              return products[index];
            },
            // 分隔器的构造器
            separatorBuilder: (context, index) {
              return index%2 == 0 ? dividerEven : dividerOdd;
            },
          )
        ),
      ],
    );
  }
}

效果：在这里插入图片描述

十七、列表-GridView-上

GridView (网格布局）
- children （子组件）
- scrollDirection （滚动方向）
- gridDelegate
  - SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount （指定列数- 子组件宽度自适应）
  - SliverGridDelegateWithMaxCrossAxisExtent （指定子组件宽度 - 列数自适应）
GridView.count (列数固定)
GridView.extend (子组件宽度固定)
GridView.builder （动态网格布局)

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("GridView"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: GridViewDemo()
    );
  }
}

class GridViewDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      padding: EdgeInsets.all(10),
      child: 
      // GridView(
      //   gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
      //     crossAxisCount: 2, // 指定列数
      //     mainAxisSpacing: 20, // 主轴方向的间距
      //     crossAxisSpacing: 10, // 交叉轴的间距
      //     childAspectRatio: 1.5, // 子组件的宽高比例
      //   ),
      //   children: [
      //     Container(color: Colors.tealAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.amberAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.redAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.blueGrey),
      //     Container(color: Colors.purpleAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.lightGreenAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.lightGreen),
      //     Container(color: Colors.black54),
      //     Container(color: Colors.yellowAccent),
      //     Container(color: Colors.grey),
      //     Container(color: Colors.deepOrangeAccent),
      //   ],
      // ),
      GridView(
        gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithMaxCrossAxisExtent(
          maxCrossAxisExtent: 190, // 子组件的宽度
          mainAxisSpacing: 30,
          crossAxisSpacing: 10,
          childAspectRatio: 0.8,
        ),
        children: [
          Container(color: Colors.tealAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.amberAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.redAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.blueGrey),
          Container(color: Colors.purpleAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.lightGreenAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.lightGreen),
          Container(color: Colors.black54),
          Container(color: Colors.yellowAccent),
          Container(color: Colors.grey),
          Container(color: Colors.deepOrangeAccent),

        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

效果：在这里插入图片描述

十八、列表-GridView-下

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("GridView"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: GridViewBuilderDemo()
    );
  }
}

class GridViewCountDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: GridView.count(
        children: List.generate(10, (index) => 
          Image.asset('images/flutter.jpg')
        ),
        crossAxisCount: 2,
        mainAxisSpacing: 20,
        crossAxisSpacing: 20,
        padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 40),
        childAspectRatio: 1.5,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class GridViewExtendDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: GridView.extent(
        children: List.generate(10, (index) => 
          Image.asset('images/flutter.jpg')
        ),
        maxCrossAxisExtent: 100, // 子组件的宽度
        mainAxisSpacing: 20,
        crossAxisSpacing: 20,
        padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 40),
        // childAspectRatio: 1.5,
      ),
    );
  }
}

class GridViewBuilderDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<dynamic> _tiles = [
    Container(color: Colors.tealAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.amberAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.redAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.blueGrey),
    Container(color: Colors.purpleAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.lightGreenAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.lightGreen),
    Container(color: Colors.black54),
    Container(color: Colors.yellowAccent),
    Container(color: Colors.grey),
    Container(color: Colors.deepOrangeAccent),
  ];

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: GridView.builder(
        padding: EdgeInsets.symmetric(horizontal: 40),
        gridDelegate: SliverGridDelegateWithFixedCrossAxisCount(
          crossAxisCount: 2,
          mainAxisSpacing: 20,
          crossAxisSpacing: 20,
          childAspectRatio: 1.0
        ),
        itemCount: _tiles.length,
        itemBuilder: (context, index) {
          return _tiles[index];
        },
        physics: BouncingScrollPhysics(), // 反弹效果
        // physics: ClampingScrollPhysics(), // 夹住的效果
        // physics: AlwaysScrollableScrollPhysics(), // 滚动
        // physics: NeverScrollableScrollPhysics(), // 禁止滚动
      ),
    );
  }
}

十九、其他-Cupertino- ios风格组件

Material
- 安卓风格的组件
- import ‘package:flutter/material.dart’;
Cupertino
- ios 风格的组件
- import ‘package:flutter/cupertino.dart’;
- https://flutter.dev/docs/development/ui/widgets/cupertino

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter/cupertino.dart';
import 'dart:io';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Cupertino"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: MyBody()
    );
  }
}

class MyBody extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    Widget dialogBox;
    // 判断当前的平台信息
    if (Platform.isIOS) {
      // 加载 iOS 风格的组件
      dialogBox = CupertinoDemo();
    } else if (Platform.isAndroid) {
      // 加载 Android 风格的组件
      dialogBox = MaterialDemo();
    }

    return Container(
      child: Column(
        mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround,
        children: [
          // 安装风格的组件
          Text('Material - 安卓风格'),
          MaterialDemo(),

          // iOS 风格的组件
          Text('Cupertino - iOS 风格'),
          CupertinoDemo()
        ]
      )
    );
  }
}

class MaterialDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: AlertDialog(
        title: Text('提示'),
        content: Text('确认删除吗？'),
        actions: [
          TextButton(
            child: Text('取消'),
            onPressed: () {
              print('取消的逻辑');
            }
          ),
          TextButton(
            child: Text('确认'),
            onPressed: () {
              print('确认的逻辑');
            }
          ),
        ]
      )
    );
  }
}

class CupertinoDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Container(
      child: CupertinoAlertDialog(
        title: Text('提示'),
        content: Text('确认删除吗？'),
        actions: [
          CupertinoDialogAction(
            child: Text('取消'),
            onPressed: () {
              print('取消的逻辑');
            }
          ),
          CupertinoDialogAction(
            child: Text('确认'),
            onPressed: () {
              print('确认的逻辑');
            }
          )
        ],
      )
    );
  }
}

在这里插入图片描述

二十、SafeArea

SafeArea可以有效解决异形屏幕的问题（刘海屏）

在这里插入图片描述

二十一、第三方组件-dio

dio
flutter-swiper
shared_preferences

dio

dio 是一个强大的 Dart Http 请求库（类似 axios)
- https://pub.dev/packages/dio
使用步骤
- 在 pubsepc.yaml 中添加 dio 依赖
- 安装依赖（pub get | flutter packages get | VS Code 中保存配置，自动下载）
- 引入 import ‘package:dio/dio.dart’;
- 使用：https://pub.dev/documentation/dio/latest/

get请求：

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:dio/dio.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("Dio"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: DioDemo()
    );
  }
}

class DioDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Center(
      child: ElevatedButton(
        child: Text('点击发送请求'),
        onPressed: () {
          // 调用 HTTP 请求
          getIpAddress();
        }
      ),
    );
  }

  void getIpAddress() async {
    try {
      final url = "https://httpbin.org/ip";
      Response response = await Dio().get(url);
      String ip = response.data['origin'];
      print(ip);
    } catch (e) {
      print(e);
    }
  }
}

二十二、Flutter_swiper

Flutter 中最好的轮播组件，适配 Android 和 iOs
- https://pub.dev/packages/flutter_swiper
使用步骤
- 在 pubsepc.yaml 中添加 flutter_swiper 依赖
- 安装依赖（pub get | flutter packages get | VS Code 中保存配置，自动下载）
- 引入 import ‘package:flutter_swiper/flutter_swiper.dart’;
- 使用

import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
import 'package:flutter_swiper/flutter_swiper.dart';

class Home extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Scaffold(
      appBar: AppBar(
        title: Text("flutter_swiper"),
        leading: Icon(Icons.menu),
        actions: [
          Icon(Icons.settings)
        ],
        elevation: 0.0,
        centerTitle: true,
      ),
      body: FlutterSwiperDemo()
    );
  }
}

class FlutterSwiperDemo extends StatelessWidget {
  final List<String> imgs = [
    'images/1.jpg',
    'images/2.jpg',
    'images/3.jpg',
  ];

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListView(
      children: [
        Container(
          height: 200,
          child: Swiper(
            itemCount: imgs.length,
            itemBuilder: (context, index) {
              return Image.asset(
                imgs[index],
                fit: BoxFit.cover
              );
            },
            pagination: SwiperPagination(), // 轮播图的指示点
            control: SwiperControl(),// 左右箭头导航
          ),
        ),
        Container(
          height: 200,
          child: Swiper(
            itemCount: imgs.length,
            itemBuilder: (context, index) {
              return Image.asset(
                imgs[index],
                fit: BoxFit.cover
              );
            },
            viewportFraction: 0.7,
            scale: 0.7,
          ),
        ),
        Container(
          height: 200,
          child: Swiper(
            itemCount: imgs.length,
            itemBuilder: (context, index) {
              return Image.asset(
                imgs[index],
                fit: BoxFit.cover
              );
            },
            itemWidth: 300,
            layout: SwiperLayout.STACK,
          ),
        ),
        Container(
          height: 200,
          child: Swiper(
            itemCount: imgs.length,
            itemBuilder: (context, index) {
              return Image.asset(
                imgs[index],
                fit: BoxFit.cover
              );
            },
            itemWidth: 300,
            itemHeight: 200,
            layout: SwiperLayout.TINDER,
          ),
        )
      ],
    );
  }
}