原子类
对象的数据操作不可分割的。具有原子性,保证了并发下线程安全问题。存在于package java.util.concurrent.atomic 原子包下。
Number抽象类
提供了基本数字类型之间相互转换的方法。使用java自带的强制类型转换(long、int····)获得返回类型,涉及到截断和舍入。
public abstract class Number implements java.io.Serializable {
public byte byteValue() {
return (byte)intValue();
}
public short shortValue() {
return (short)intValue();
}
public abstract int intValue();
public abstract long longValue();
public abstract float floatValue();
public abstract double doubleValue();
}
基本类型
AtomicInteger
底层通过Unsafe类实现,objectFieldOffset方法获得value字段在AtomicInteger类中的位偏移,compareAndSwapInt方法CAS修改value值。
public class AtomicInteger extends Number implements java.io.Serializable {
private volatile int value;//持有的实际值
//构造方法,初始value值(未赋值为0)
public AtomicInteger() {
}
public AtomicInteger(int initialValue) {
value = initialValue;
}
//常见方法get、set
//CAS方法
public final void lazySet(int newValue) {
//使volatile修饰的变量修改后对其他线程非立即可见
unsafe.putOrderedInt(this, valueOffset, newValue);
}
//获得当前值并设置新值
public final int getAndSet(int newValue) {
return unsafe.getAndSetInt(this, valueOffset, newValue);
}
//返回当前值并将value自增自减
public final int getAndIncrement() {
return unsafe.getAndAddInt(this, valueOffset, 1);
}
public final int getAndDecrement() {
return unsafe.getAndAddInt(this, valueOffset, -1);
}
//获得当前值并将value加上指定值
public final int getAndAdd(int delta) {
return unsafe.getAndAddInt(this, valueOffset, delta);
}
//获得自增后的值并自增value
public final int incrementAndGet() {
return unsafe.getAndAddInt(this, valueOffset, 1) + 1;
}
}
数组类型
AtomicIntegerArray
整形数组原子类
public class AtomicIntegerArray implements java.io.Serializable {
//类初始化时加载
static {
//获得整形数组中每个元素的位偏移量,此处scale为4
int scale = unsafe.arrayIndexScale(int[].class);
//scale不为2的幂则抛出异常
if ((scale & (scale - 1)) != 0)
throw new Error("data type scale not a power of two");
//获得偏移,31-scale最高位前面有多少个0,此处shift为2,通过移位来获取数组中元素位置
shift = 31 - Integer.numberOfLeadingZeros(scale);
}
private final int[] array;//实际存放
//构造方法,传入数组则调用其clone方法
public AtomicIntegerArray(int length) {
array = new int[length];
}
public AtomicIntegerArray(int[] array) {
// Visibility guaranteed by final field guarantees
this.array = array.clone();
}
//get、set使用volatile语义
public final void set(int i, int newValue) {
unsafe.putIntVolatile(array, checkedByteOffset(i), newValue);
}
public final int get(int i) {
return getRaw(checkedByteOffset(i));
}
//CAS操作,自旋直到修改成功
public final int getAndSet(int i, int newValue) {
//获得索引i处的值并修改
return unsafe.getAndSetInt(array, checkedByteOffset(i), newValue);
}
public final int getAndAdd(int i, int delta) {
//获得索引i处的值并添加delta值
return unsafe.getAndAddInt(array, checkedByteOffset(i), delta);
}
//CAS设置新值,单次
public final boolean compareAndSet(int i, int expect, int update) {
return compareAndSetRaw(checkedByteOffset(i), expect, update);
}
}
引用类型
AtomicReference
引用类型原子类,类似简单类型原子类,只是CAS控制的参数不同,此类控制的是引用值。
AtomicStampedRerence
带邮戳的引用类型原子类,解决了CAS的ABA问题。
内部类Pair
AtomicStampedRerence内部定义了一个Pair类来存放引用值及其对应的邮戳
private static class Pair<T> {
final T reference;
final int stamp;
private Pair(T reference, int stamp) {
this.reference = reference;
this.stamp = stamp;
}
static <T> Pair<T> of(T reference, int stamp) {
return new Pair<T>(reference, stamp);
}
}
基本结构
private volatile Pair<V> pair;
//构造方法
public AtomicStampedReference(V initialRef, int initialStamp) {
pair = Pair.of(initialRef, initialStamp);
}
//cas操作
public boolean compareAndSet(V expectedReference,
V newReference,
int expectedStamp,
int newStamp) {
Pair<V> current = pair;
return
//原引用未变
expectedReference == current.reference &&
//原邮戳未变
expectedStamp == current.stamp &&
//新引用和邮戳与原引用和邮戳相同 或 CAS修改Pair成功
((newReference == current.reference &&
newStamp == current.stamp) ||
casPair(current, Pair.of(newReference, newStamp)));
}
//CAS修改邮戳
public boolean attemptStamp(V expectedReference, int newStamp) {
Pair<V> current = pair;
return
expectedReference == current.reference &&
(newStamp == current.stamp ||
casPair(current, Pair.of(expectedReference, newStamp)));
}
AtomicMarkableReference
与AtomicStampedReference不同,改类内部类维持了一个boolean变量来判断是否修改过引用值,只是降低了ABA问题发生的概率。
内部类Pair
private static class Pair<T> {
final T reference;
final boolean mark;
private Pair(T reference, boolean mark) {
this.reference = reference;
this.mark = mark;
}
static <T> Pair<T> of(T reference, boolean mark) {
return new Pair<T>(reference, mark);
}
}
属性更新器类型
AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater
原子更新volatile修饰的引用类型里的字段的更新器,不能作用于static或final修饰的变量。实现非侵入式修改类中字段。
//持有该字段的对象的类+该字段的类+要更新的字段的名称
public static <U,W> AtomicReferenceFieldUpdater<U,W> newUpdater(Class<U> tclass,
Class<W> vclass,
String fieldName) {
return new AtomicReferenceFieldUpdaterImpl<U,W>
(tclass, vclass, fieldName, Reflection.getCallerClass());
}
//实际调用的方法
AtomicReferenceFieldUpdaterImpl(final Class<T> tclass,
final Class<V> vclass,
final String fieldName,
final Class<?> caller) {
final Field field;
final Class<?> fieldClass;
final int modifiers;
try {
//通过反射获得要更新的Field
field = AccessController.doPrivileged(
new PrivilegedExceptionAction<Field>() {
public Field run() throws NoSuchFieldException {
return tclass.getDeclaredField(fieldName);
}
});
modifiers = field.getModifiers();
sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.ensureMemberAccess(
caller, tclass, null, modifiers);
ClassLoader cl = tclass.getClassLoader();
ClassLoader ccl = caller.getClassLoader();
if ((ccl != null) && (ccl != cl) &&
((cl == null) || !isAncestor(cl, ccl))) {
sun.reflect.misc.ReflectUtil.checkPackageAccess(tclass);
}
fieldClass = field.getType();
} catch (PrivilegedActionException pae) {
throw new RuntimeException(pae.getException());
} catch (Exception ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
//如果传入字段类型与反射获得的类型不匹配
if (vclass != fieldClass)
throw new ClassCastException();
//如果字段为原始类型
if (vclass.isPrimitive())
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must be reference type");
//如果引用不被volatile修饰
if (!Modifier.isVolatile(modifiers))
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Must be volatile type");
this.cclass = (Modifier.isProtected(modifiers) &&
tclass.isAssignableFrom(caller) &&
!isSamePackage(tclass, caller))
? caller : tclass;
this.tclass = tclass;
this.vclass = vclass;
//获得修改字段的位偏移
this.offset = U.objectFieldOffset(field);
}
//CAS修改字段
public final boolean compareAndSet(T obj, V expect, V update) {
//obj和传入值类型检查
accessCheck(obj);
valueCheck(update);
return U.compareAndSwapObject(obj, offset, expect, update);
}
Adder累加器
一个初始值为0的累加器,在高并发下比AtomicLong更加高效
- 如果cell为null直接CAS修改base值
- 如果getProbe() & m(根据线程threadLocalRandomProbe计算出的位置)不为null则cas修改cell对应位置的值
- 初始化cell大小为2并cas设置值,如果已初始化对应位置为null则设置值
- 如果是多个线程对同一位置的cell进行操作则对数组扩容一倍
public class LongAdder extends Striped64 implements Serializable {
//累加器基础值
transient volatile long base;
transient volatile Cell[] cells;
public void add(long x) {
Cell[] as; long b, v; int m; Cell a;
//如果cell为null直接CAS修改base值
if ((as = cells) != null || !casBase(b = base, b + x)) {
boolean uncontended = true;
if (as == null || (m = as.length - 1) < 0 ||
(a = as[getProbe() & m]) == null ||
!(uncontended = a.cas(v = a.value, v + x)))
longAccumulate(x, null, uncontended);
}
}
}
Accumulator累加器
LongAccumulator 是 LongAdder 的一个更通用的版本,围绕LongBinaryOperator类型的lambda表达式构建