网络编程笔记
1.概述
计算机网络:计算机网络指的是将地理位置不同的具有独立功能的多台计算机及其外部设备,通过通信线路连接起来,在网络操作系统,网络管理软件以及网络通信协议的管理和协调下,实现资源共享和信息传递的计算机系统。
网络编程的目的:传播交流信息,数据交换,通信
想要达到整个效果需要什么:
- 如何准确的定位网络上的一台主机 192.10.10.13:端口,定位到这个计算机的某个资源。
- 找到了这个主机,如何传输数据?
javaweb:网页编程 B/S架构
网页编程:TCP/IP C/S架构
2.网络通信的要素
如何实现网络的通信?
通信双方地址
- ip
- 端口号
规则:网络通信的协议
TCP/IP参考模型
小结:
1.网络编程中有两个主要问题
(1)如何准确的定位到网络的一台或多台主机
(2)找到主机之后如何进行通信
2.网络编程中的要素
(1)IP和端口号(ip和端口类)
(2)网络通信协议(协议类)
3.万物皆对象
3.IP类
ip地址类:lnetAddress
-
唯一定位一台网络上计算机
-
127.0.0.1 本机localhost
-
ip地址的分类:
ipv4/ipv6。ipv4:127.0.0.1,4个字节组成,0-255,42亿万;ipv6:128位,8个无符号整数,abcde
2001:0bb2:aaaa:0015:0000:0000:1aaa:1312
公网(互联网)-私网(局域网):
- 192.168.xxx 专门给组织机构用
- ABCD类地址
-
域名:记忆IP问题
- IP:www.vip.com
package day01;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
public class TestInetAddress {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//查询本地地址
InetAddress inetAddress1 = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
System.out.println(inetAddress1);
InetAddress inetAddress3 = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
System.out.println(inetAddress3);
InetAddress inetAddress4 = InetAddress.getLocalHost();
System.out.println(inetAddress4);
InetAddress inetAddress2 = InetAddress.getByName("www.baidu.com");
System.out.println(inetAddress2);
//常用方法
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getCanonicalHostName());//获取规范的名字
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostAddress());//获取ip
System.out.println(inetAddress2.getHostName());//域名,或者自己电脑的名字
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
4.端口
端口表示计算机上的一个程序的进程:
-
不同的进程有不同的端口号。用来区分软件
-
被规定0-65535
-
TCP,UDP:65535*2 tcp:80,udp:80,单个协议,端口不能冲突
-
端口分类
-
共有端口0-1023
- HTTP:80
- HTTPS:43
- FTP:21
- Telent:23
-
程序注册端口:1024-49151,分配用户或者程序
- Tomact:8080
- MySQL:3306
- Oracle:1521
-
动态、私有:49152-65535
netstat -ano //查看所有端口 netstat -ano|findstr "5900"//查看指定的端口 tasklist|findstr "8986"//查看指定端口的进程
package day01; import java.net.InetSocketAddress; public class TestInetSocketAddress { public static void main(String[] args) { InetSocketAddress inetSocketAddress = new InetSocketAddress("127.0.0.1", 8080); System.out.println(inetSocketAddress); InetSocketAddress localhost = new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 8080); System.out.println(localhost); System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getAddress()); System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getHostName()); System.out.println(inetSocketAddress.getPort()); } }
-
5.协议
协议:约定,就好比我们说的语言
**网络通信协议:**速率,传输码率,代码结构,传输控制…
问题:非常复杂
大事化小:分层
TCP/IP协议簇:实际上是一组协议
重要:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- UDP:用户数据报协议
出名的协议:
- TCP:用户传输协议
- IP:网络互联协议
TCP UDP对比
TCP:打电话
-
连接,稳定
-
三次握手,四次挥手
最少需要三次,保证稳定连接 A:你愁啥? B:瞅你咋地? A:干一场 A:我要走了 B:你真的要走了么? B:你真的真的要走了么? A:我真的要走了
-
客户端,服务端
-
传输完成,释放连接,效率低
UDP:发送短信
- 不连接,不稳定
- 客户端、服务端:没有明确的界限
- 不管有没有准备好,都可以发给你
- 导弹
- DDOS:洪水攻击
6.TCP
客户端:
- 连接服务器Socket
- 发送消息
package day01;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TCPClient {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
Socket socket = null;
OutputStream outputStream = null;
try {
//1.要知道服务器的地址
InetAddress serverIP = InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1");
//2.端口号
int port = 9999;
//3.创建一个socket连接
socket = new Socket(serverIP, port);
//4.发送消息
outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
outputStream.write("你好".getBytes());
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally {
if(outputStream!=null){
outputStream.close();
}
if(socket!=null){
socket.close();
}
}
}
}
服务器:
- 建立服务的端口ServerSocket
- 等待用户的连接accept
- 接受用户的消息
package day01;
import java.io.ByteArrayInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class TCPServer {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
ServerSocket serverSocket = null;
Socket accept = null;
InputStream inputStream = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream baos = null;
try {
//1.我有一个地址
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9999);
//2.等待客户端连接过来
accept = serverSocket.accept();
//3.读取客户端的消息
inputStream = accept.getInputStream();
// byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// int len;
// while((len=inputStream.read(buffer))!=-1){
// String msg = new String(buffer, 0, len);
// System.out.println(msg);
// }
//管道流
baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
baos.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
System.out.println(baos.toString());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (baos != null) {
baos.close();
}
if (inputStream != null) {
inputStream.close();
}
if (accept != null) {
accept.close();
}
if (serverSocket != null) {
serverSocket.close();
}
}
}
}
6.1文件上传
服务器端
package day02;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class TcpServerTest2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建服务
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(9000);
//2.监听客户端的连接
Socket accept = serverSocket.accept();//阻断式监听,会一直等待客户端连接
//3.获取输入流
InputStream inputStream = accept.getInputStream();
//4.文件输入
FileOutputStream receive = new FileOutputStream(new File("receive.png"));
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = inputStream.read(bytes)) != -1) {
receive.write(bytes, 0, len);
}
//通知客户端已经接收了文件
OutputStream outputStream = accept.getOutputStream();
outputStream.write("我接收完毕,你可以断开连接了".getBytes());
//5.关闭资源
receive.close();
inputStream.close();
accept.close();
serverSocket.close();
}
}
客户端
package day02;
import java.io.*;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
public class TcpClientTest2 {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.创建一个Socket连接
Socket socket = new Socket(InetAddress.getByName("127.0.0.1"), 9000);
//2.创建一个输出流
OutputStream outputStream = socket.getOutputStream();
//3.读取文件
FileInputStream fileInputStream = new FileInputStream(new File("body.png"));
//4.写出文件
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
int len;
while((len = fileInputStream.read(bytes))!=-1){
outputStream.write(bytes,0,len);
}
//通知服务器,我已经结束了
socket.shutdownOutput();//我已经传输完了
//确定服务器接收完毕,才能够断开连接
InputStream inputStream = socket.getInputStream();
//String byte[]
ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOutputStream = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
byte[] bytes1 = new byte[1024];
int len1;
while((len1=inputStream.read(bytes1))!=-1){
byteArrayOutputStream.write(bytes1,0,len1);
}
System.out.println(byteArrayOutputStream.toString());
//5.关闭资源
byteArrayOutputStream.close();
inputStream.close();
fileInputStream.close();
outputStream.close();
socket.close();
}
}
Tomcat
服务端
- 自定义S
- Tomcat服务器S:java后台开发
客户端
- 自定义C
- 浏览器B
7.UDP
发送短信
发短信,不用连接,需要知道对方的地址!
发送端
package day02;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.SocketException;
//不需要连接服务器
public class UdpClientTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.建立一个socket
DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket();
//2.建立包
String msg = "你好";
InetAddress localhost = InetAddress.getByName("localhost");
int port = 9090;
//数据,数据的长度起始,要发送给谁
DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(msg.getBytes(), 0, msg.getBytes().length, localhost, port);
//3.发送包
datagramSocket.send(datagramPacket);
//4.关闭流
datagramSocket.close();
}
}
接收端
package day02;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
//等待客户端连接
public class UdpServerTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
//1.开放端口
DatagramSocket datagramSocket = new DatagramSocket(9090);
//2.接受数据包
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket datagramPacket = new DatagramPacket(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
datagramSocket.receive(datagramPacket);//阻塞接收
System.out.println(datagramPacket.getAddress().getHostAddress());
System.out.println(new String(datagramPacket.getData(), 0, datagramPacket.getLength()));
//5.关闭连接
datagramSocket.close();
}
}
循环发送消息
发送端
package day03;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.*;
public class UdpSender {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(8888);
//准备数据,控制台读取System.in
BufferedReader bufferedReader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
while(true){
String data = bufferedReader.readLine();
byte[] dataBytes = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataBytes, 0, dataBytes.length, new InetSocketAddress("localhost", 6666));
socket.send(packet);
if(data.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
接收端
package day03;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.SocketException;
public class UdpReceiver {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
DatagramSocket socket = new DatagramSocket(6666);
while(true){
//接收数据
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(bytes,0,bytes.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻塞式接收
//断开链接
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(receiveData);
if(receiveData.equals("bye")){
break;
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
在线咨询,都可以作为发送方和接收方
package day03;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
public class TalkReceive implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
private int port;
private String msgFrom;
public TalkReceive(int port, String msgFrom) {
this.port = port;
this.msgFrom = msgFrom;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(port);
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(bytes, 0, bytes.length);
socket.receive(packet);//阻碍式接收
byte[] data = packet.getData();
String receiveData = new String(data, 0, data.length);
System.out.println(msgFrom + ":" + receiveData);
if (receiveData.equals("bye")) {
break;
}
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
socket.close();
}
}
package day03;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.DatagramPacket;
import java.net.DatagramSocket;
import java.net.InetSocketAddress;
public class TalkSend implements Runnable {
DatagramSocket socket = null;
BufferedReader reader = null;
private int fromPort;
private String toIP;
private int toPort;
public TalkSend(int fromPort, String toIP, int toPort) {
this.fromPort = fromPort;
this.toIP = toIP;
this.toPort = toPort;
try {
socket = new DatagramSocket(this.fromPort);
reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
@Override
public void run() {
while (true) {
try {
String data = reader.readLine();
byte[] dataBytes = data.getBytes();
DatagramPacket packet = new DatagramPacket(dataBytes, 0, dataBytes.length, new InetSocketAddress(this.toIP, this.toPort));
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
socket.close();
}
}
}
package day03;
public class TalkStudent {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//开启两个线程
new Thread(new TalkSend(7777,"localhost",9999)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(8888,"老师")).start();
}
}
package day03;
public class TalkTeacher {
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Thread(new TalkSend(5555,"localhost",8888)).start();
new Thread(new TalkReceive(9999,"学生")).start();
}
}
8 .URL
https://www.baidu.com/
统一资源定位符:定位资源的,定位互联网上的某一个资源
DNS域名解析 www.baidu.com ->xxxxxxxx
协议://ip地址:端口/项目名/资源
获取网络资源
package day03;
import java.io.FileOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;
public class URLTest {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
URL url = new URL("http://localhost:8080/helloworld/index.jsp?username=wangqishi&password=123456");
System.out.println(url.getProtocol());//协议
System.out.println(url.getHost());//主机ip
System.out.println(url.getPort());//端口
System.out.println(url.getPath());//文件
System.out.println(url.getFile());//全路径
System.out.println(url.getQuery());//参数
URL url1 = new URL("https://github.com/ZeweiChu/PyTorch-Course/blob/master/README.md");
//连接到这个资源
HttpURLConnection httpURLConnection = (HttpURLConnection) url1.openConnection();
InputStream inputStream = httpURLConnection.getInputStream();
FileOutputStream fileOutputStream = new FileOutputStream("f.md");
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
int len;
while ((len = inputStream.read(buffer)) != -1) {
fileOutputStream.write(buffer, 0, len);//写出这个数据
}
fileOutputStream.close();
inputStream.close();
}
}
参考:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1LJ411z7vY