一个简单的Point类
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class Point
{
public:
Point(float x=0,float y=0);
void setPoint(float,float);
float getX()const{return x;}
float getY()const{return y;}
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p);
protected:
float x,y;
};
Point::Point(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p)
{
os << "["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]"<<endl;
return os;
}
int main()
{
Point p(3.5,6.4);
cout << "x=" << p.getX() << ",y=" << p.getY() << endl;
p.setPoint(8.5,6.8);
cout << "p(new):" << p << endl;
}
加入其派生类Circle
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class Point
{
public:
Point(float x=0,float y=0);
void setPoint(float,float);
float getX()const{return x;}
float getY()const{return y;}
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p);
protected:
float x,y;
};
Point::Point(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p)
{
os << "["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]"<<endl;
return os;
}
class Circle:public Point
{
private:
float radius;
public:
Circle(float x = 0,float y = 0,float r = 0):Point(x,y),radius(r){ }
void setRadius(float r)
{
radius = r;
}
float getRadius() const{return radius;}
float area() const{return 3.14159*radius*radius;}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Circle&c)
{
output << "Center = [" << c.x << "," << c.y << "],r=" << c.radius << ",area=" << c.area() << endl;
return output;
}
};
/*
int main()
{
Point p(3.5,6.4);
cout << "x=" << p.getX() << ",y=" << p.getY() << endl;
p.setPoint(8.5,6.8);
cout << "p(new):" << p << endl;
}
*/
int main()
{
Circle c(3.5,6.4,5.2);
cout << "original circle:\nx = " << c.getX() << ",y = " << c.getY() << ",r=" << c.getRadius() << ",area=" << c.area() << endl;
c.setRadius(7.5);
c.setPoint(5,5);
cout << "new circle:\n" <<c;
Point &pRef = c; //基类Point类的引用
cout << "pRef:" << pRef; //结果调用的基类的运算符重载函数,输出了一个点,而不是圆
return 0;
}
继续加入Circle类的派生类Cylinder
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class Point
{
public:
Point(float x=0,float y=0);
void setPoint(float,float);
float getX()const{return x;}
float getY()const{return y;}
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p);
protected:
float x,y;
};
Point::Point(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p)
{
os << "["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]"<<endl;
return os;
}
class Circle:public Point
{
protected:
float radius;
public:
Circle(float x = 0,float y = 0,float r = 0):Point(x,y),radius(r){ }
void setRadius(float r)
{
radius = r;
}
float getRadius() const{return radius;}
float area() const{return 3.14159*radius*radius;}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Circle&c)
{
output << "Center = [" << c.x << "," << c.y << "],r=" << c.radius << ",area=" << c.area() << endl;
return output;
}
};
class Cylinder:public Circle
{
protected:
float height;
public:
Cylinder(float x=0,float y=0,float r=0,float h=0):Circle(x,y,r),height(h){}
void setHeight(float h){height = h;}
float getHeight() const {return height;}
float area() const {return 2*Circle::area() + 2*3.14159*radius*height;}
float volume()const {return Circle::area()*height;}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Cylinder&cy)
{
output << "Center = [" << cy.x << "," << cy.y << "],r=" << cy.radius <<",h=" << cy.height << "\narea=" << cy.area() <<",volume =" <<cy.volume() << endl;
return output;
}
};
/*
int main()
{
Point p(3.5,6.4);
cout << "x=" << p.getX() << ",y=" << p.getY() << endl;
p.setPoint(8.5,6.8);
cout << "p(new):" << p << endl;
}
int main()
{
Circle c(3.5,6.4,5.2);
cout << "original circle:\nx = " << c.getX() << ",y = " << c.getY() << ",r=" << c.getRadius() << ",area=" << c.area() << endl;
c.setRadius(7.5);
c.setPoint(5,5);
cout << "new circle:\n" <<c;
Point &pRef = c; //基类Point类的引用
cout << "pRef:" << pRef; //结果调用的基类的运算符重载函数,输出了一个点,而不是圆
return 0;
}
*/
int main()
{
Cylinder cy1(3.5,6.4,5.2,10);
cout << "\noriginal cylinder:\nx="<<cy1.getX() << ",y="<<cy1.getY() << ",r=" << cy1.getRadius() << ",h=" << cy1.getHeight() << "\narea=" << cy1.area()
<<",volume=" << cy1.volume() << endl;
cy1.setHeight(15);
cy1.setRadius(7.5);
cy1.setPoint(5,5);
cout << "\nnew cylinder:\n" << cy1;
Point &pRef = cy1;
cout << "\npRef as a Point:" << pRef;
Circle &cRef = cy1;
cout << "\ncRef as a Circle:" << cRef;
return 0;
}
Cylinder类的area 同名覆盖了Circle类的area函数;
而三个运算符重载的函数是重载而不是同名覆盖,因为有一个形参类型不同!
运行程序可以看到,使用其基类的指针指向它(Cylinder类对象)时,运行cout<< 函数 得到的并不是我们想要的结果,程序运行了该指针被定义时的类的cout<<函数。
由此 我们引入虚函数,由虚函数引入抽象基类,完善后的程序如下:
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class Shape
{
public:
virtual float area() const{return 0.0;}
virtual float volume() const{return 0.0;}
virtual void shapeName() const = 0;
};
class Point:public Shape
{
public:
Point(float a=0,float b=0):x(a),y(b){}
void setPoint(float,float);
float getX()const{return x;}
float getY()const{return y;}
virtual void shapeName() const {cout << "Point:";}
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p);
protected:
float x,y;
};
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p)
{
os << "["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]"<<endl;
return os;
}
class Circle:public Point
{
protected:
float radius;
public:
Circle(float x = 0,float y = 0,float r = 0):Point(x,y),radius(r){ }
void setRadius(float r){radius = r;}
float getRadius() const{return radius;}
virtual float area() const{return 3.14159*radius*radius;}
virtual void shapeName() const{cout << "Circle:";}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Circle&c)
{
output<< "[" << c.x << "," << c.y << "],r=" << c.radius << endl;
return output;
}
};
class Cylinder:public Circle
{
protected:
float height;
public:
Cylinder(float x=0,float y=0,float r=0,float h=0):Circle(x,y,r),height(h){}
void setHeight(float h){height = h;}
float getHeight() const {return height;}
virtual float area() const {return 2*Circle::area() + 2*3.14159*radius*height;}
virtual float volume()const {return Circle::area()*height;}
virtual void shapeName() const{cout << "Cylinder:";}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Cylinder&cy)
{
output << "[" << cy.x << "," << cy.y << "],r=" << cy.radius <<",h=" << cy.height << endl;
return output;
}
};
int main()
{
Point point(3.5,6.4);
Circle circle(2.4,1.2,5.6);
Cylinder cylinder(3.5,6.4,5.2,10.5);
point.shapeName();
cout << point << endl;
circle.shapeName();
cout << circle << endl;
cylinder.shapeName();
cout << cylinder << endl;
Shape *pt;
pt = &point;
pt ->shapeName();
cout << "x="<<point.getX() << ",y="<<point.getY() << "\narea=" << pt->area() <<"\nvolume=" << pt->volume() <<endl;
pt = &circle;
pt ->shapeName();
cout << "x="<<circle.getX() << ",y="<<circle.getY() << "\narea=" << pt->area()<<"\nvolume=" << pt->volume() << endl;
pt = &cylinder;
pt ->shapeName();
cout << "x="<<cylinder.getX() << ",y="<<cylinder.getY() << "\narea=" << pt->area()
<<"\nvolume=" << pt->volume() << endl;
}
#include <iostream>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
using namespace std;
class Shape
{
public:
virtual float area() const{return 0.0;}
virtual float volume() const{return 0.0;}
virtual void shapeName() const = 0;
virtual void print() const = 0;
};
class Point:public Shape
{
public:
Point(float a=0,float b=0):x(a),y(b){}
void setPoint(float,float);
float getX()const{return x;}
float getY()const{return y;}
virtual void shapeName() const {cout << "Point:";}
virtual void print() const
{
cout << "x="<< x << ",y="<< y << "\narea=" << area() <<"\nvolume=" << volume() <<endl << endl ;
}
friend ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p);
protected:
float x,y;
};
void Point::setPoint(float a,float b)
{
x=a;y=b;
}
ostream & operator<<(ostream &os,const Point &p)
{
os << "["<<p.x<<","<<p.y<<"]"<<endl;
return os;
}
class Circle:public Point
{
protected:
float radius;
public:
Circle(float x = 0,float y = 0,float r = 0):Point(x,y),radius(r){ }
void setRadius(float r){radius = r;}
float getRadius() const{return radius;}
virtual float area() const{return 3.14159*radius*radius;}
virtual void shapeName() const{cout << "Circle:";}
virtual void print() const
{
cout << "x="<< x << ",y="<< y << "\narea=" << area()<<"\nvolume=" << volume() << endl << endl;
}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Circle&c)
{
output<< "[" << c.x << "," << c.y << "],r=" << c.radius << endl;
return output;
}
};
class Cylinder:public Circle
{
protected:
float height;
public:
Cylinder(float x=0,float y=0,float r=0,float h=0):Circle(x,y,r),height(h){}
void setHeight(float h){height = h;}
float getHeight() const {return height;}
virtual float area() const {return 2*Circle::area() + 2*3.14159*radius*height;}
virtual float volume()const {return Circle::area()*height;}
virtual void shapeName() const{cout << "Cylinder:";}
virtual void print() const
{
cout << "x="<< x << ",y="<< y << "\narea=" << area() <<"\nvolume=" << volume() << endl << endl;
}
friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &output,const Cylinder&cy)
{
output << "[" << cy.x << "," << cy.y << "],r=" << cy.radius <<",h=" << cy.height << endl;
return output;
}
};
int main()
{
Point point(3.5,6.4);
Circle circle(2.4,1.2,5.6);
Cylinder cylinder(3.5,6.4,5.2,10.5);
point.shapeName();
cout << point << endl;
circle.shapeName();
cout << circle << endl;
cylinder.shapeName();
cout << cylinder << endl;
Shape *pt;
pt = &point;
pt ->shapeName();
pt->print();
pt = &circle;
pt ->shapeName();
pt->print();
pt = &cylinder;
pt ->shapeName();
pt->print();
}
用virtual 实现了同样的函数名,调用了不同纵向类的同名方法