Ubuntu下安装Docker CE详细解读

一、查看本机是否安装了Docker

警告：切勿在没有配置 Docker APT 源的情况下直接使用 apt 命令安装

1、系统要求

Docker CE 支持以下版本的 Ubuntu 操作系统：

• Eoan 19.10
• Bionic 18.04 (LTS)
• Xenial 16.04 (LTS)

Docker CE 可以安装在 64 位的 x86 平台或 ARM 平台上。Ubuntu 发行版中，LTS（Long-Term-Support）长期支持版本，会获得 5 年的升级维护支持，这样的版本会更稳定，因此在生产环境中推荐使用 LTS 版本。

养成一个良好的习惯，当你安装一个软件的时候优先检查自己的机器上是否安装了该软件，以及该软件的版本示什么，因为有的软件假如你已经安装了的话再次安装可能会发生意想不到的情况发生；

2、 机器上是否安装Docker查看：

查看命令:

sudo docker version

从上图可以发现机器上并没有找到任何和docker相关的版本信息，说明我们的机器是“干净”的。

小贴士: 这里除了可以使用版本查看来检测docker之外，还有一个其他方案就是：使用linux中的文件查找命令(find or
grep)查看是否有和docker相关的文件.

3、如何卸载旧版本的docker？

旧版本的 Docker 称为 docker 或者 docker-engine，使用以下命令卸载旧版本：

$ sudo apt-get remove docker \
               docker-engine \
               docker.io

二、使用 APT 安装

由于 apt 源使用 HTTPS 以确保软件下载过程中不被篡改。因此，我们首先需要添加使用 HTTPS 传输的软件包以及 CA 证书。

更新软件原：

sudo apt-get update

安装相应的软件包：

sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl software-properties-common

安装速度还行，一分钟左右完成了。

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo apt-get install ca-certificates curl software-properties-common
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
ca-certificates is already the newest version (20180409).
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  linux-headers-4.15.0-29 linux-headers-4.15.0-29-generic linux-image-4.15.0-29-generic
  linux-modules-4.15.0-29-generic linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-29-generic
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  libcurl4 libssl1.1 python3-dateutil python3-software-properties software-properties-gtk
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  curl libcurl4 python3-dateutil
The following packages will be upgraded:
  libssl1.1 python3-software-properties software-properties-common software-properties-gtk
4 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 564 not upgraded.
Need to get 522 kB/1,822 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1,889 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 libcurl4 amd64 7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8 [214 kB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 curl amd64 7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8 [159 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 python3-dateutil all 2.6.1-1 [52.3 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 software-properties-common all 0.96.24.32.12 [10.0 kB]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 software-properties-gtk all 0.96.24.32.12 [62.7 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 python3-software-properties all 0.96.24.32.12 [23.6 kB]
Fetched 522 kB in 36s (14.6 kB/s)                                                              
Preconfiguring packages ...
(Reading database ... 225922 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-libssl1.1_1.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libssl1.1:amd64 (1.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.5) over (1.1.0g-2ubuntu4.3) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libcurl4:amd64.
Preparing to unpack .../1-libcurl4_7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libcurl4:amd64 (7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8) ...
Selecting previously unselected package curl.
Preparing to unpack .../2-curl_7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking curl (7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8) ...
Selecting previously unselected package python3-dateutil.
Preparing to unpack .../3-python3-dateutil_2.6.1-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-dateutil (2.6.1-1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../4-software-properties-common_0.96.24.32.12_all.deb ...
Unpacking software-properties-common (0.96.24.32.12) over (0.96.24.32.5) ...
Preparing to unpack .../5-software-properties-gtk_0.96.24.32.12_all.deb ...
Unpacking software-properties-gtk (0.96.24.32.12) over (0.96.24.32.5) ...
Preparing to unpack .../6-python3-software-properties_0.96.24.32.12_all.deb ...
Unpacking python3-software-properties (0.96.24.32.12) over (0.96.24.32.5) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-1ubuntu3.18.04.1) ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:amd64 (2.56.4-0ubuntu0.18.04.2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libssl1.1:amd64 (1.1.1-1ubuntu2.1~18.04.5) ...
Checking for services that may need to be restarted...done.
Checking for services that may need to be restarted...done.
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Processing triggers for shared-mime-info (1.9-2) ...
Setting up python3-software-properties (0.96.24.32.12) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu1.1) ...
Processing triggers for dbus (1.12.2-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.17-2) ...
Setting up python3-dateutil (2.6.1-1) ...
Setting up software-properties-common (0.96.24.32.12) ...
Setting up libcurl4:amd64 (7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8) ...
Setting up software-properties-gtk (0.96.24.32.12) ...
Setting up curl (7.58.0-2ubuntu3.8) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ...
ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ 

鉴于国内网络问题，强烈建议使用国内源，官方源请在注释中查看。

为了确认所下载软件包的合法性，需要添加软件源的 GPG 密钥。

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ curl -fsSL https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

OK

官方源:

# 官方源
# $ curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -

然后，我们需要向 source.list 中添加 Docker 软件源

sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"

执行日志如下:

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB]                    
Hit:2 http://ppa.launchpad.net/openjdk-r/ppa/ubuntu bionic InRelease                           
Hit:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                     
Get:4 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic InRelease [64.4 kB]            
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease [88.7 kB]                   
Get:6 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic/stable amd64 Packages [11.0 kB]
Get:7 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease [74.6 kB]                 
Get:8 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [307 kB]   
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB]                    
Get:9 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 48x48 Icons [73.8 kB]     
Get:10 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [140 kB]     
Get:11 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [265 kB]
Get:12 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/universe DEP-11 48x48 Icons [203 kB] 
Get:13 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [467 kB] 
Get:14 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/multiverse amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [2,468 B]
Get:15 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [7,984 B]
Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease [88.7 kB]                    
Get:16 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [38.5 kB]
Get:17 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main DEP-11 48x48 Icons [17.6 kB]     
Get:18 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/main DEP-11 64x64 Icons [41.5 kB]     
Get:19 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/universe amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [42.0 kB]
Get:20 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/universe DEP-11 48x48 Icons [16.4 kB] 
Get:21 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/universe DEP-11 64x64 Icons [111 kB]  
Get:22 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security/multiverse amd64 DEP-11 Metadata [2,464 B]
Fetched 1,978 kB in 2min 17s (14.4 kB/s)                                                       
Reading package lists... Done

小贴士: 以上命令会添加稳定版本的 Docker CE APT 镜像源，如果需要测试或每日构建版本的 Docker CE 请将
stable 改为 test 或者 nightly。

安装 Docker CE

更新 apt 软件包缓存，并安装 docker-ce：执行如下命令。

$ sudo apt-get update

$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce

执行日志如下：

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic InRelease                      
Hit:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic InRelease                                     
Hit:3 http://ppa.launchpad.net/openjdk-r/ppa/ubuntu bionic InRelease                           
Hit:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates InRelease       
Hit:5 http://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-security InRelease        
Hit:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-backports InRelease     
Reading package lists... Done
ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree       
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  linux-headers-4.15.0-29 linux-headers-4.15.0-29-generic linux-image-4.15.0-29-generic
  linux-modules-4.15.0-29-generic linux-modules-extra-4.15.0-29-generic
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  aufs-tools cgroupfs-mount containerd.io docker-ce-cli git git-man liberror-perl pigz
Suggested packages:
  git-daemon-run | git-daemon-sysvinit git-doc git-el git-email git-gui gitk gitweb git-cvs
  git-mediawiki git-svn
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  aufs-tools cgroupfs-mount containerd.io docker-ce docker-ce-cli git git-man liberror-perl
  pigz
0 upgraded, 9 newly installed, 0 to remove and 564 not upgraded.
Need to get 90.5 MB of archives.
After this operation, 419 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic/stable amd64 containerd.io amd64 1.2.13-1 [20.1 MB]
Get:2 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 pigz amd64 2.4-1 [57.4 kB]
Get:3 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 aufs-tools amd64 1:4.9+20170918-1ubuntu1 [104 kB]
Get:4 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/universe amd64 cgroupfs-mount all 1.4 [6,320 B]
Get:5 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic/main amd64 liberror-perl all 0.17025-1 [22.8 kB]
Get:6 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 git-man all 1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5 [803 kB]
Get:7 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic/stable amd64 docker-ce-cli amd64 5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic [42.6 MB]
Get:8 http://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu bionic-updates/main amd64 git amd64 1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5 [3,912 kB]
Get:9 https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/docker-ce/linux/ubuntu bionic/stable amd64 docker-ce amd64 5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic [22.9 MB]
Fetched 90.5 MB in 6min 21s (238 kB/s)                                                         
Selecting previously unselected package pigz.
(Reading database ... 225971 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-pigz_2.4-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking pigz (2.4-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package aufs-tools.
Preparing to unpack .../1-aufs-tools_1%3a4.9+20170918-1ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking aufs-tools (1:4.9+20170918-1ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package cgroupfs-mount.
Preparing to unpack .../2-cgroupfs-mount_1.4_all.deb ...
Unpacking cgroupfs-mount (1.4) ...
Selecting previously unselected package containerd.io.
Preparing to unpack .../3-containerd.io_1.2.13-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking containerd.io (1.2.13-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package docker-ce-cli.
Preparing to unpack .../4-docker-ce-cli_5%3a19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-ce-cli (5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic) ...
Selecting previously unselected package docker-ce.
Preparing to unpack .../5-docker-ce_5%3a19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-ce (5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic) ...
Selecting previously unselected package liberror-perl.
Preparing to unpack .../6-liberror-perl_0.17025-1_all.deb ...
Unpacking liberror-perl (0.17025-1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package git-man.
Preparing to unpack .../7-git-man_1%3a2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5_all.deb ...
Unpacking git-man (1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5) ...
Selecting previously unselected package git.
Preparing to unpack .../8-git_1%3a2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking git (1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5) ...
Setting up aufs-tools (1:4.9+20170918-1ubuntu1) ...
Setting up git-man (1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5) ...
Setting up containerd.io (1.2.13-1) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/containerd.service → /lib/systemd/system/containerd.service.
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-20) ...
Setting up liberror-perl (0.17025-1) ...
Setting up cgroupfs-mount (1.4) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.27-3ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.19) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.3-2ubuntu0.1) ...
Setting up docker-ce-cli (5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic) ...
Setting up pigz (2.4-1) ...
Setting up git (1:2.17.1-1ubuntu0.5) ...
Setting up docker-ce (5:19.03.8~3-0~ubuntu-bionic) ...
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /lib/systemd/system/docker.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/sockets.target.wants/docker.socket → /lib/systemd/system/docker.socket.
Processing triggers for ureadahead (0.100.0-20) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (237-3ubuntu10.19) ...
ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ 

到这一步docker正式安装完成了。

验证Docker是否安装成功。

sudo docker version

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           19.03.8
 API version:       1.40
 Go version:        go1.12.17
 Git commit:        afacb8b7f0
 Built:             Wed Mar 11 01:25:46 2020
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Experimental:      false

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          19.03.8
  API version:      1.40 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.12.17
  Git commit:       afacb8b7f0
  Built:            Wed Mar 11 01:24:19 2020
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.2.13
  GitCommit:        7ad184331fa3e55e52b890ea95e65ba581ae3429
 runc:
  Version:          1.0.0-rc10
  GitCommit:        dc9208a3303feef5b3839f4323d9beb36df0a9dd
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.18.0
  GitCommit:        fec3683

其他安装方式：

使用脚本自动安装

在测试或开发环境中 Docker 官方为了简化安装流程，提供了一套便捷的安装脚本，Ubuntu 系统上可以使用这套脚本安装，另外可以通过 --mirror 选项使用国内源进行安装：

$ curl -fsSL get.docker.com -o get-docker.sh
$ sudo sh get-docker.sh --mirror Aliyun
# $ sudo sh get-docker.sh --mirror AzureChinaCloud

执行这个命令后，脚本就会自动的将一切准备工作做好，并且把 Docker CE 的稳定(stable)版本安装在系统中。

启动 Docker CE

$ sudo systemctl enable docker
Synchronizing state of docker.service with SysV service script with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable docker

$ sudo systemctl start docker

执行日志：

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo systemctl enable docker
[sudo] password for ltwuyanlong: 
Synchronizing state of docker.service with SysV service script with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable docker
ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo systemctl start docker

建立 docker 用户组

默认情况下，docker 命令会使用 Unix socket 与 Docker 引擎通讯。而只有 root 用户和 docker 组的用户才可以访问 Docker 引擎的 Unix socket。出于安全考虑，一般 Linux 系统上不会直接使用 root 用户。因此，更好地做法是将需要使用 docker 的用户加入 docker 用户组。

建立 docker 组：

$ sudo groupadd docker

将当前用户加入 docker 组：

退出当前终端并重新登录，进行如下测试。

测试 Docker 是否安装正确

ltwuyanlong@ubuntu:/$ sudo docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally

latest: Pulling from library/hello-world
1b930d010525: Pull complete 
Digest: sha256:f9dfddf63636d84ef479d645ab5885156ae030f611a56f3a7ac7f2fdd86d7e4e
Status: Downloaded newer image for hello-world:latest

Hello from Docker!
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly.

To generate this message, Docker took the following steps:
 1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon.
 2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub.
    (amd64)
 3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
    executable that produces the output you are currently reading.
 4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client, which sent it
    to your terminal.

To try something more ambitious, you can run an Ubuntu container with:
 $ docker run -it ubuntu bash

Share images, automate workflows, and more with a free Docker ID:
 https://hub.docker.com/

For more examples and ideas, visit:
 https://docs.docker.com/get-started/

若能正常输出以上信息，则说明安装成功。

镜像加速

如果在使用过程中发现拉取 Docker 镜像十分缓慢，可以配置 Docker 国内镜像加速。

参考文档

Docker 官方 Ubuntu 安装文档