9.oop之多态

多态

1. 定义

• 同一个引用类型,使用不同的实例而执行的操作,实现多种形态。

• 创建一个对象以父类类型接收,因创建的实例不同,而表现出不同的形态,多态一定要在继承关系下的方法重写的情况下才能实现。

2.多态有两种体现方式

2.1、使用父类作为方法的形参实现多态

示例:通过食堂给不同的人打饭,方式和价格都不同

1. 父类person类

   /**
    * 	父类-人类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public abstract class Person {
   	String name;
   	int age;
   	String sex;
   	double money;
   	
   	public Person() {
   		super();
   	}
   
   	public Person(String name, int age, String sex) {
   		super();
   		this.name = name;
   		this.age = age;
   		this.sex = sex;
   	}
   
   	/**
   	 * 	吃饭方法
   	 */
   	public abstract void eat();
   
   }
   

2. 子类1-student类

   /** 
    * 	子类-学生类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class Student extends Person{
   	
   	
   	
   	public Student() {
   		super();
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	public Student(String name, int age, String sex) {
   		super(name, age, sex);
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	public void eat() {
   		System.out.println("学生去食堂吃饭");
   		if(super.age>20) {
   			money=20;
   		}else {
   			money=15;
   		}
   		
   	}
   	public void showStudent() {
   		System.out.println("这是学生的特有方法");
   	}
   
   }
   

3. 子类2-teacher类

   /**
    * 	子类-老师类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class Teacher extends Person{
   
   	
   	
   	public Teacher() {
   		super();
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	public Teacher(String name, int age, String sex) {
   		super(name, age, sex);
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	@Override
   	public void eat() {
   		System.out.println("老师吃小灶");
   		if("男".equals(super.sex)) {
   			money=25;
   		}else {
   			money=20;
   		}
   	}
   
   	public void showTeacher() {
   		System.out.println("这是老师的特有方法");
   	}
   }
   

4. 子类3-headerMaster类

   /**
    * 	子类-校长类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   
   public class HeaderMaster extends Person{
   
   	
   	
   	public HeaderMaster() {
   		super();
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	public HeaderMaster(String name, int age, String sex) {
   		super(name, age, sex);
   		// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
   	}
   
   	@Override
   	public void eat() {
   		System.out.println("校长,吃豪华套餐");
   		money=0;
   	}
   
   	public void showHeaderMaster() {
   		System.out.println("这是校长的特有方法");
   	}
   }
   

5. 实现需求的类-食堂类

   import java.util.Scanner;
   /**
    * 	食堂类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class FoodRoom {
   	
   	//打饭
   	public void dafan(Person person) {
   		//以父类类型接收,因子类实例不同而会调用到不同子类被重写的方法,从而表现多态!
   		person.eat();
   		System.out.println("姓名:"+person.name+"\t年龄:"+ person.age+"\t性别:"+person.sex+"\t价格:" + person.money);
   		//调用不同子类的特有方法--->向下转型
   		if(person instanceof Student) {
   			Student student=(Student)person;
   			student.showStudent();
   		}else if(person instanceof Teacher) {
   			Teacher teacher=(Teacher)person;
   			teacher.showTeacher();
   		}else if(person instanceof HeaderMaster) {
   			HeaderMaster head=(HeaderMaster)person;
   			head.showHeaderMaster();
   		}		
   	}
   }
   

6. 测试类

   public class Test {
   	public static void main(String[] args) {
   		
   		FoodRoom fr = new FoodRoom();
           Person person=null;
   		
   		person=new Student("张三",20,"男");
   		fr.dafan(person);
   		
   		person=new Teacher("李四",30,"男");
   		fr.dafan(person);
   		
   		person=new HeaderMaster("王五",40,"男");
   		fr.dafan(person);	
   		
   	}
   }
   

7. 结果

   学生去食堂吃饭
   姓名:张三	年龄:20	性别:男	价格:15.0
   这是学生的特有方法
   老师吃小灶
   姓名:李四	年龄:30	性别:男	价格:25.0
   这是老师的特有方法
   校长,秘书喂饭!
   姓名:王五	年龄:40	性别:男	价格:0.0
   这是校长的特有方法
   

2.2、使用父类作为方法的返回值实现多态

示例:通过选择不同的职业,食堂的价格不同

1. 食堂类

   import java.util.Scanner;
   /**
    * 	食堂类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class FoodRoom {
   	
   	//打饭
   	public void dafan(Person person) {
   		//以父类类型接收,因子类实例不同而会调用到不同子类被重写的方法,从而表现多态!
   		person.eat();
   		System.out.println("姓名:"+person.name+"\t年龄:"+ person.age+"\t性别:"+person.sex+"\t价格:" + person.money);
   		//调用不同子类的特有方法--->向下转型
   		if(person instanceof Student) {
   			Student student=(Student)person;
   			student.showStudent();
   		}else if(person instanceof Teacher) {
   			Teacher teacher=(Teacher)person;
   			teacher.showTeacher();
   		}else if(person instanceof HeaderMaster) {
   			HeaderMaster head=(HeaderMaster)person;
   			head.showHeaderMaster();
   		}
   			
   	}
   	
   	
   	public Person choice(String name, int age, String sex) {
   		Person person=null;
   		Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
   		System.out.println("请选择职业:1.学生2.老师3.校长");
   		int choise =input.nextInt();
   		switch (choise) {
   		case 1:
   			person=new Student(name,age,sex);
   			break;
   		case 2:
   			person=new Teacher(name,age,sex);
   			break;
   		case 3:
   			person=new HeaderMaster(name,age,sex);
   			break;
   		default:
   			break;
   		}
   		
   		return person;
   	}
   }
   

2. 测试类

   public class Test {
   	public static void main(String[] args) {
   		
   		FoodRoom fr = new FoodRoom();
   		
   		fr.dafan(fr.choice("李四",30,"男"));	
   	}
   }
   

3. 结果

   请选择职业:1.学生2.老师3.校长
   1
   学生去食堂吃饭
   姓名:李四	年龄:30	性别:男	价格:20.0
   这是学生的特有方法
   

2.3、示例3

以上面的的基础加上吃饭天数,计算所有人要交的总价:

1. 所有的父类,子类都加上天数

   private int day;
   

2. 食堂类

   import java.util.Scanner;
   /**
    * 	食堂类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class FoodRoom {
   	
   	//打饭
   	public void dafan(Person person) {
   		//以父类类型接收,因子类实例不同而会调用到不同子类被重写的方法,从而表现多态!
   		person.eat();
   		System.out.println("姓名:"+person.name+"\t年龄:"+ person.age+"\t性别:"+person.sex+"\t价格:" + person.money);
   		//调用不同子类的特有方法--->向下转型
   		if(person instanceof Student) {
   			Student student=(Student)person;
   			student.showStudent();
   		}else if(person instanceof Teacher) {
   			Teacher teacher=(Teacher)person;
   			teacher.showTeacher();
   		}else if(person instanceof HeaderMaster) {
   			HeaderMaster head=(HeaderMaster)person;
   			head.showHeaderMaster();
   		}
   			
   	}
   	
   	
   	public Person choice(String name, int age, String sex,int day) {
   		Person person=null;
   		Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in);
   		System.out.println("请选择职业:1.学生2.老师3.校长");
   		int choise =input.nextInt();
   		switch (choise) {
   		case 1:
   			person=new Student(name,age,sex,day);
   			break;
   		case 2:
   			person=new Teacher(name,age,sex,day);
   			break;
   		case 3:
   			person=new HeaderMaster(name,age,sex,day);
   			break;
   		default:
   			break;
   		}
   		
   		return person;
   	}
   	
   	public double getTotalMoneys(day02.Person[] persons) {
   		double total=0;
   		double totalmoney=0;
   		for (int i = 0; i < persons.length; i++) {
   			if(persons[i]!=null) {
   				persons[i].eat();
   				total=persons[i].money*persons[i].day;
   				System.out.println("总价:"+total);
   				totalmoney+=total;
   			}
   		}
   		return totalmoney;
   	}
   }
   

3. 测试类

   public class Test {
   	public static void main(String[] args) {
   		
   
   		
   		FoodRoom fr = new FoodRoom();
   		Person persons[]=new Person[5];
   		persons[0]=new Student("李一",20,"男",8);
   		persons[1]=new Teacher("李二",40,"男",5);
   		persons[2]=new Teacher("李三",45,"男",5);
   		persons[3]=new HeaderMaster("李四",65,"男",8);
   		
   		double totalmoneys = fr.getTotalMoneys(persons);
   		System.out.println("所有人的总价" + totalmoneys);
   		
   	}
   }
   

4. 结果

   学生去食堂吃饭
   总价:120.0
   老师吃小灶
   总价:125.0
   老师吃小灶
   总价:125.0
   校长,秘书喂饭!
   总价:0.0
   所有人的总价370.0
   

3.案例:汽车租赁系统

目的:通过顾客选择不同的汽车租赁不同的天数计算应该交多少钱

1. 父类-Motovehicle类

   /** 
    * 	机动车类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public abstract class MotoVehicle {
   	
   	private String no;//汽车编号
   	private String brand;//汽车品牌
   	
   	
   	public MotoVehicle() {
   		super();
   	}
   	
   	public MotoVehicle(String no, String brand) {
   		super();
   		this.no = no;
   		this.brand = brand;
   	}
   	
   	public String getNo() {
   		return no;
   	}
   	
   	public void setNo(String no) {
   		this.no = no;
   	}
   	
   	public String getBrand() {
   		return brand;
   	}
   	
   	public void setBrand(String brand) {
   		this.brand = brand;
   	}
   	
   	/**
   	 * 	计算汽车租赁的方法
   	 */
   	public abstract int calRent(int days);
   
   }
   

2. 子类1-Bus类

   /**
    * 	客车
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   
   public class Bus extends MotoVehicle{
   	
   	private int setCount;//座位数
   	
   	public Bus() {
   	}
   
   	public Bus(String no, String brand,int setCount) {
   		super(no, brand);
   		this.setCount=setCount;
   	}
   	
   	public int getSetCount() {
   		return setCount;
   	}
   
   	public void setSetCount(int setCount) {
   		this.setCount = setCount;
   	}
   
   	@Override
   	public int calRent(int days) {
   		//如果座位数小于18人的是800一天,day18人的是1500一天
   		if(this.setCount<18) {
   			return days*800;
   		}else {
   			return days*1500;
   		}
   	}
   
   }
   

3. 子类2-car类

   /**
    * 	小轿车
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   public class Car extends MotoVehicle{
   	
   	private String type;//汽车类型
   
   	public String getType() {
   		return type;
   	}
   
   	public void setType(String type) {
   		this.type = type;
   	}
   
   	public Car() {
   		
   	}
   
   	public Car(String no, String brand,String type) {
   		super(no, brand);
   		this.type=type;
   	}
   
   	@Override
   	public int calRent(int days) {
   		//
   		int price=0;
   		if("豪车".equals(this.type)) {
   			price = days*800;
   		}else if("普通车".equals(this.type)) {
   			price = days*500;
   		}
   		return price;
   	}
   }
   

4. 操作类-customer类

   /**
    * 	操作类
    * @author Administrator
    *
    */
   
   public class Customer {
   	private String name;//顾客姓名
   	private int days;
   	
   	public int getDays() {
   		return days;
   	}
   
   	public void setDays(int days) {
   		this.days = days;
   	}
   
   	public Customer() {
   		super();
   	}
   
   	public String getName() {
   		return name;
   	}
   
   	public void setName(String name) {
   		this.name = name;
   	}
   
   	public Customer(String name) {
   		this.name=name;
   	}
   
   	public int calTotalRent(MotoVehicle[] motos, int days) {
   		this.days=days;
   		int total=0;
   		for (int i = 0; i < motos.length; i++) {
   			if(motos[i]!=null) {
   				total+=motos[i].calRent(days);
   			}
   		}
   		return total;
   	}
   
   }
   

5. 测试

   public class Test {
   	public static void main(String[] args) {
   		int days;//天数
   		int totalRent;//总租金
   		
   		Bus bus1=new Bus("SA123", "江铃", 15);
   		Bus bus2=new Bus("SA234", "金杯", 40);
   		Car car1=new Car("Sv555", "宝马700", "豪车");
   		Car car2=new Car("Sv666", "大众朗逸", "普通车");
   		
   		MotoVehicle motos[]=new MotoVehicle[5];
   		motos[0]=bus1;
   		motos[1]=bus2;
   		motos[2]=car1;
   		motos[3]=car2;
   		
   		
   		Customer customer = new Customer("顾客狗剩");
   		totalRent=customer.calTotalRent(motos,8);
   		System.out.println("**********订单************");
   		for (MotoVehicle motoVehicle : motos) {
   			if(motoVehicle!=null) {
   				System.out.println(motoVehicle.getNo()+"\t"+motoVehicle.getBrand());
   			}
   		}
   		System.out.println("租赁信息:\n租赁姓名:"+customer.getName()
   		+"\t\n天数:"+customer.getDays()
   		+"\t\n租金:"+totalRent);
   	}
   
   }
   

6. 结果

   **********订单************
   SA123	江铃
   SA234	金杯
   Sv555	宝马700
   Sv666	大众朗逸
   租赁信息:
   租赁姓名:顾客狗剩	
   天数:8	
   租金:28800
   

4.总结

1. 多态的前提是在继承关系下,子类对父类的方法进行重写
2. 多态的实现增强了代码的扩展性,让java的应用更加多元化