C++异常的幕后13：为着陆垫设置上下文

原文地址：https://monoinfinito.wordpress.com/2013/04/25/c-exceptions-under-the-hood-13-setting-the-context-for-a-landing-pad/

作者：nicolasbrailo

上次我们终于写出了几乎能工作的personality函数。我们可以检测每个有着陆垫可用的栈帧，然后告诉_Unwind_我们希望运行一个特定的着陆垫。我们遇到了一个小问题：虽然我们对_Unwind_设置了上下文以继续在正确的着陆垫上执行，我们没有在寄存器上设置正确的异常。结果，这意味着着陆垫将不知道应该处理哪个异常，因此它将说“我不能处理这个”。_Unwind_将说“请尝试下一个着陆垫”，但我们的ABI是如此简单，它不知道怎么找到下一个，只是尝试同一个。一次又一次。我们可能已经发明了一段时间以来最做作的例子（真的）！

让我们为着陆垫设置正确的上下文，并稍微整理一下我们的ABI：

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#include <unistd.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <stdint.h>   namespace __cxxabiv1 {     struct __class_type_info {         virtual void foo() {}     } ti; }   #define EXCEPTION_BUFF_SIZE 255 char exception_buff[EXCEPTION_BUFF_SIZE];   extern "C" {   void* __cxa_allocate_exception(size_t thrown_size) {     printf("alloc ex %i\n", thrown_size);     if (thrown_size > EXCEPTION_BUFF_SIZE) printf("Exception too big");     return &exception_buff; }   void __cxa_free_exception(void *thrown_exception);     #include <unwind.h>   typedef void (*unexpected_handler)(void); typedef void (*terminate_handler)(void);   struct __cxa_exception {     std::type_info *    exceptionType;     void (*exceptionDestructor) (void *);     unexpected_handler  unexpectedHandler;     terminate_handler   terminateHandler;     __cxa_exception *   nextException;       int         handlerCount;     int         handlerSwitchValue;     const char *        actionRecord;     const char *        languageSpecificData;     void *          catchTemp;     void *          adjustedPtr;       _Unwind_Exception   unwindHeader; };   void __cxa_throw(void* thrown_exception,                  struct type_info *tinfo,                  void (*dest)(void*)) {     printf("__cxa_throw called\n");       __cxa_exception *header = ((__cxa_exception *) thrown_exception - 1);     _Unwind_RaiseException(&header->unwindHeader);       // __cxa_throw never returns     printf("no one handled __cxa_throw, terminate!\n");     exit(0); }     void __cxa_begin_catch() {     printf("begin FTW\n"); }   void __cxa_end_catch() {     printf("end FTW\n"); }         /***********************************************************************/   /**  * The LSDA is a read only place in memory; we'll create a typedef for  * this to avoid a const mess later on; LSDA_ptr refers to readonly and  * &LSDA_ptr will be a non-const pointer to a const place in memory  */ typedef const uint8_t* LSDA_ptr;   struct LSDA_Header {     /**      * Read the LSDA table into a struct; advances the lsda pointer      * as many bytes as read      */     LSDA_Header(LSDA_ptr *lsda) {         LSDA_ptr read_ptr = *lsda;           // Copy the LSDA fields         start_encoding = read_ptr[0];         type_encoding = read_ptr[1];         ttype = read_ptr[2];           // Advance the lsda pointer         *lsda = read_ptr + sizeof(LSDA_Header);     }       uint8_t start_encoding;     uint8_t type_encoding;     uint8_t ttype; };   struct LSDA_CS_Header {     // Same as other LSDA constructors     LSDA_CS_Header(LSDA_ptr *lsda) {         LSDA_ptr read_ptr = *lsda;         encoding = read_ptr[0];         length = read_ptr[1];         *lsda = read_ptr + sizeof(LSDA_CS_Header);     }       uint8_t encoding;     uint8_t length; };   struct LSDA_CS {     // Same as other LSDA constructors     LSDA_CS(LSDA_ptr *lsda) {         LSDA_ptr read_ptr = *lsda;         start = read_ptr[0];         len = read_ptr[1];         lp = read_ptr[2];         action = read_ptr[3];         *lsda = read_ptr + sizeof(LSDA_CS);     }       // Note start, len and lp would be void*'s, but they are actually relative     // addresses: start and lp are relative to the start of the function, len     // is relative to start        // Offset into function from which we could handle a throw     uint8_t start;     // Length of the block that might throw     uint8_t len;     // Landing pad     uint8_t lp;     // Offset into action table + 1 (0 means no action)     // Used to run destructors     uint8_t action; };   /*********************************************************************/     _Unwind_Reason_Code __gxx_personality_v0 (                              int version,                              _Unwind_Action actions,                              uint64_t exceptionClass,                              _Unwind_Exception* unwind_exception,                              _Unwind_Context* context) {     if (actions & _UA_SEARCH_PHASE)     {         printf("Personality function, lookup phase\n");         return _URC_HANDLER_FOUND;     } else if (actions & _UA_CLEANUP_PHASE) {         printf("Personality function, cleanup\n");           // Pointer to the beginning of the raw LSDA         LSDA_ptr lsda = (uint8_t*)_Unwind_GetLanguageSpecificData(context);           // Read LSDA headerfor the LSDA         LSDA_Header header(&lsda);           // Read the LSDA CS header         LSDA_CS_Header cs_header(&lsda);           // Calculate where the end of the LSDA CS table is         const LSDA_ptr lsda_cs_table_end = lsda + cs_header.length;           // Loop through each entry in the CS table         while (lsda < lsda_cs_table_end)         {             LSDA_CS cs(&lsda);               if (cs.lp)             {                 int r0 = __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(0);                 int r1 = __builtin_eh_return_data_regno(1);                   _Unwind_SetGR(context, r0, (uintptr_t)(unwind_exception));                 // Note the following code hardcodes the exception type;                 // we'll fix that later on                 _Unwind_SetGR(context, r1, (uintptr_t)(1));                   uintptr_t func_start = _Unwind_GetRegionStart(context);                 _Unwind_SetIP(context, func_start + cs.lp);                 break;             }         }           return _URC_INSTALL_CONTEXT;     } else {         printf("Personality function, error\n");         return _URC_FATAL_PHASE1_ERROR;     } }     }

备注：LSDA更细致的模式戳这里，完整代码在我的github repo。

最后，它工作了。如果运行它你应该看到像这样的东西：

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./app alloc ex 1 __cxa_throw called Personality function, lookup phase Personality function, cleanup begin FTW Caught a Fake_Exception! end FTW try_but_dont_catch handled the exception catchit handled the exception

当然我们有点依赖_Unwind_：这里我们说我们将处理每个异常，不管是什么。这把我们的catch(Exception&)转换为catch(…)，如果调用帧里的第一个函数没有catch语句，就要天下大乱了。不过，仍然，对一个非常简单的ABI，我们到达了第一个里程碑。

现在我们能改进它，使得它在正确的帧上处理正确的异常吗？也许下次。