Mysql子查询作为查询字段，且查询结果起别名，在后续查询中引用别名再做条件筛选

直接上代码

SELECT gu.id, gu.school_name, gu.student_no, gu.student_name, gu.id_card, gu.Job_category, gu.actual_employment_unit, gu.specialty, gu.phone, gu.affirm,
gu.labor_contract,gu.diploma, gu.household_file,gu.employment_certificate,
(SELECT guuu.update_content FROM `graduate_unit_update` guuu WHERE guuu.update_type=1 AND gu.`id`=guuu.graduate_unit_id   ORDER BY guuu.create_time DESC LIMIT 1)
actualJobCategory, 
(SELECT guu.update_content FROM `graduate_unit_update` guu WHERE guu.update_type=0 AND gu.`id`=guu.graduate_unit_id ORDER BY guu.create_time DESC LIMIT 1) effectiveUnit 
FROM graduate_unit gu 
WHERE gu.affirm=1
HAVING actualJobCategory IS NOT NULL OR  effectiveUnit  IS NOT NULL

总结：用 HAVING 即可实现