在此案例中,前后端均发送JSON格式数据。
views.py
class BooksAPIVIew(View):
"""
查询所有图书、增加图书
"""
def get(self, request):
"""
查询所有图书
路由:GET /books/
"""
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
book_list = []
for book in queryset:
book_list.append({
'id': book.id,
'title': book.title,
'price': book.price,
'publish': book.publish,
'pub_date': book.pub_date
})
return JsonResponse(book_list, safe=False)
# @csrf_exempt
def post(self, request):
"""
新增图书
路由:POST /books/
"""
json_bytes = request.body
json_str = json_bytes.decode()
book_dict = json.loads(json_str)
# 此处详细的校验参数省略
book = models.Book.objects.create(
title=book_dict.get('atitle'),
price=book_dict.get('price'),
publish=book_dict.get('publish'),
pub_date=datetime.strptime(book_dict.get('bpub_date'), '%Y-%m-%d').date()
)
return JsonResponse({
'id': book.id,
'title': book.title,
'price': book.price,
'publish': book.publish,
'pub_date': book.pub_date
}, status=201)
class BookAPIView(View):
def get(self, request, pk):
"""
获取单个图书信息
路由: GET /books/<pk>/
"""
try:
book = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk)
except models.Book.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
return JsonResponse({
'id': book.id,
'title': book.title,
'price': book.price,
'publish': book.publish,
'pub_date': book.pub_date
})
def put(self, request, pk):
"""
修改图书信息
路由: PUT /books/<pk>
"""
# book = None
try:
book = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk)
except models.Book.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
json_bytes = request.body
json_str = json_bytes.decode()
book_dict = json.loads(json_str)
# 此处详细的校验参数省略
book.title = book_dict.get('atitle')
book.pub_date = datetime.strptime(book_dict.get('bpub_date'), '%Y-%m-%d').date()
book.save()
return JsonResponse({
'id': book.id,
'title': book.title,
'price': book.price,
'publish': book.publish,
'pub_date': book.pub_date
})
def delete(self, request, pk):
"""
删除图书
路由: DELETE /books/<pk>/
"""
try:
book = models.Book.objects.get(pk=pk)
except models.Book.DoesNotExist:
return HttpResponse(status=404)
book.delete()
return HttpResponse(status=204)
urls.py
urlpatterns = [
path(r'books/', views2.BooksAPIVIew.as_view()),
re_path(r'books/(?P<pk>\d+)/$', views2.BookAPIView.as_view())
]
使用Postman测试上述接口
1) 获取所有图书数据
GET 方式访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/, 返回状态码200,数据如下
[
{
"id": 1,
"btitle": "射雕英雄传",
"bpub_date": "1980-05-01",
"bread": 12,
"bcomment": 34,
"image": ""
},
{
"id": 2,
"btitle": "天龙八部",
"bpub_date": "1986-07-24",
"bread": 36,
"bcomment": 40,
"image": ""
},
{
"id": 3,
"btitle": "笑傲江湖",
"bpub_date": "1995-12-24",
"bread": 20,
"bcomment": 80,
"image": ""
},
{
"id": 4,
"btitle": "雪山飞狐",
"bpub_date": "1987-11-11",
"bread": 58,
"bcomment": 24,
"image": ""
},
{
"id": 5,
"btitle": "西游记",
"bpub_date": "1988-01-01",
"bread": 10,
"bcomment": 10,
"image": "booktest/xiyouji.png"
},
{
"id": 6,
"btitle": "水浒传",
"bpub_date": "1992-01-01",
"bread": 10,
"bcomment": 11,
"image": ""
},
{
"id": 7,
"btitle": "红楼梦",
"bpub_date": "1990-01-01",
"bread": 0,
"bcomment": 0,
"image": ""
}
]
2)获取单一图书数据
GET 访问 http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/5/ ,返回状态码200, 数据如下
{
"id": 5,
"btitle": "西游记",
"bpub_date": "1988-01-01",
"bread": 10,
"bcomment": 10,
"image": "booktest/xiyouji.png"
}
GET 访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/100/,返回状态码404
3)新增图书数据
POST 访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/,发送JSON数据:
{
"btitle": "三国演义",
"bpub_date": "1990-02-03"
}
返回状态码201,数据如下
{
"id": 8,
"btitle": "三国演义",
"bpub_date": "1990-02-03",
"bread": 0,
"bcomment": 0,
"image": ""
}
4)修改图书数据
PUT 访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/8/,发送JSON数据:
{
"btitle": "三国演义(第二版)",
"bpub_date": "1990-02-03"
}
返回状态码200,数据如下
{
"id": 8,
"btitle": "三国演义(第二版)",
"bpub_date": "1990-02-03",
"bread": 0,
"bcomment": 0,
"image": ""
}
5)删除图书数据
DELETE 访问http://127.0.0.1:8000/books/8/,返回204状态码
1、REST接口开发的核心任务
在开发REST API接口时,视图中做的最主要的三件事:
将请求的数据(如JSON格式)转换为模型类对象
操作数据库
将模型类对象转换为响应的数据(如JSON格式)
2、序列化 Serialization
我们可以将序列化;理解为:
将程序中的一个数据结构类型转换为其他格式(字典、JSON、XML等),例如将Django中的模型类对象转换为JSON字符串,这个转换过程我们称为序列化。
如:
queryset = BookInfo.objects.all()
book_list = []
# 序列化
for book in queryset:
book_list.append({
'id': book.id,
'btitle': book.btitle,
'bpub_date': book.bpub_date,
'bread': book.bread,
'bcomment': book.bcomment,
'image': book.image.url if book.image else ''
})
return JsonResponse(book_list, safe=False)
反之,将其他格式(字典、JSON、XML等)转换为程序中的数据,例如将JSON字符串转换为Django中的模型类对象,这个过程我们称为反序列化。
如:
json_bytes = request.body
json_str = json_bytes.decode()
# 反序列化
book_dict = json.loads(json_str)
book = BookInfo.objects.create(
btitle=book_dict.get('btitle'),
bpub_date=datetime.strptime(book_dict.get('bpub_date'), '%Y-%m-%d').date()
)
我们可以看到,在开发REST API时,视图中要频繁的进行序列化与反序列化的编写。
认识 Django REST framework 框架
Django REST framework 框架是一个用于构建Web API 的强大而又灵活的工具。
通常简称为DRF框架 或 REST framework。
DRF框架是建立在Django框架基础之上,由Tom Christie大牛二次开发的开源项目。
特点
提供了定义序列化器Serializer的方法,可以快速根据 Django ORM 或者其它库自动序列化/反序列化;提供了丰富的类视图、Mixin扩展类,简化视图的编写;丰富的定制层级:函数视图、类视图、视图集合到自动生成 API,满足各种需要;多种身份认证和权限认证方式的支持;内置了限流系统;直观的 API web 界面;可扩展性,插件丰富。