先给users集合插入两条记录,然后用users集合来进行索引管理的演示:
> user1={"name":"liming","age":20,"gender":"F"}
{ "name" : "liming", "age" : 20, "gender" : "F" }
> db.users.insert(user1)
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> user2={"name":"zhangsan","age":25,"gender":"F"}
{ "name" : "zhangsan", "age" : 25, "gender" : "F" }
> db.users.insert(user1)
WriteResult({ "nInserted" : 1 })
> db.users.count()
2
创建索引:
mongodb使用createIndex()和ensureIndex()方法来创建索引,前者用于3.0及以上版本,后者用于3.0以下版本。
语法:
db.COLLECTION_NAME.ensureIndex(keys[,options])
keys:要建立索引的参数列表。如:{KEY:1},其中key表示字段名,1表示升序排序,也可使用使用数字-1降序。
options:可选参数,表示建立索引的设置。可选值如下:
background,Boolean,在后台建立索引,以便建立索引时不阻止其他数据库活动。默认值为false。
unique,Boolean,创建唯一索引。默认值 false。
name,String,指定索引的名称。如果未指定,MongoDB会生成一个索引字段的名称和排序顺序串联。
partialFilterExpression, document.如果指定,MongoDB只会给满足过滤表达式的记录建立索引.
sparse,Boolean,对文档中不存在的字段数据不启用索引。默认值是 false。
expireAfterSeconds,integer,指定索引的过期时间
storageEngine,document,允许用户配置索引的存储引擎
> db.users.createIndex({"name":1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 1,
"numIndexesAfter" : 2,
"ok" : 1
}
例2:给name字段创建倒序索引
> db.users.createIndex({"name":-1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 2,
"numIndexesAfter" : 3,
"ok" : 1
}
例3:给name,age字段创建组合索引
> db.users.createIndex({"name":1,"age":1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 3,
"numIndexesAfter" : 4,
"ok" : 1
}
例4:在后台给age字段创建索引
> db.users.createIndex({age:1},{background:1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 4,
"numIndexesAfter" : 5,
"ok" : 1
}
在后台创建索引的原因:
在前台创建索引期间会锁定数据库,会导致其它操作无法进行数据读写,在后台创建索引是,会定期释放写锁,从而保证其它操作的运行,但是后台操作会在耗时更长,尤其是在频繁进行写入的服务器上。
查看索引:
MongoDB提供的查看索引信息的方法:
getIndexes()方法可以用来查看集合的所有索引,
getIndexKeys()方法查看索引键。
totalIndexSize()查看集合索引的总大小,
getIndexSpecs()方法查看集合各索引的详细信息
例1: getIndexes()的用法
> db.users.getIndexes()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : -1
},
"name" : "name_-1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1,
"age" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1_age_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"age" : 1
},
"name" : "age_1",
"ns" : "test1.users",
"background" : 1
}
]
例2:getIndexKeys()的用法
> db.users.getIndexKeys()
[
{
"_id" : 1
},
{
"name" : 1
},
{
"name" : -1
},
{
"name" : 1,
"age" : 1
},
{
"age" : 1
}
]
例3:totalIndexSize()的用法
> db.users.totalIndexSize()
81920
例4:getIndexSpecs()的用法
> db.users.getIndexSpecs()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : -1
},
"name" : "name_-1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1,
"age" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1_age_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"age" : 1
},
"name" : "age_1",
"ns" : "test1.users",
"background" : 1
}
]
删除索引:
不再需要的索引,我们可以将其删除,mongodb提供两种删除索引的方法:
dropIndex()方法用于删除指定的索引
dropIndexes()方法用于删除全部的索引
例1:dropIndex()的用法
> db.users.dropIndex("name_1")
{ "nIndexesWas" : 5, "ok" : 1 }
> db.users.dropIndex("name_1_age_1")
{ "nIndexesWas" : 4, "ok" : 1 }
> db.users.getIndexSpecs()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : -1
},
"name" : "name_-1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"age" : 1
},
"name" : "age_1",
"ns" : "test1.users",
"background" : 1
}
]
我们可以看到,name字段的索引和name与age字段的组合索引皆被删除
例2:dropIndexes()的用法
> db.users.dropIndexes()
{
"nIndexesWas" : 3,
"msg" : "non-_id indexes dropped for collection",
"ok" : 1
}
> db.users.getIndexSpecs()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
}
]
在使用了dropIndexes()方法后,我们之前建的所有索引都被删除掉了
索引重建:
我们之前把users的索引全部删除了,现在在name字段上建立一个正序索引,然后在name字段上重建倒序索引,可以看到重建索引是把之前name字段的索引删掉再新建一个索引的,重建之前name字段还是只有一个索引.
> db.users.createIndex({name:1})
{
"createdCollectionAutomatically" : false,
"numIndexesBefore" : 1,
"numIndexesAfter" : 2,
"ok" : 1
}
> db.users.getIndexSpecs()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
}
]
> db.users.reIndex({name:-1})
{
"nIndexesWas" : 2,
"nIndexes" : 2,
"indexes" : [
{
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"key" : {
"name" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
}
],
"ok" : 1
}
> db.users.getIndexSpecs()
[
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"_id" : 1
},
"name" : "_id_",
"ns" : "test1.users"
},
{
"v" : 1,
"key" : {
"name" : 1
},
"name" : "name_1",
"ns" : "test1.users"
}
]
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