SpringCloud - (五)熔断器Hystrix
熔断器
服务雪崩效应
在微服务架构中通常会有多个服务层调用,基础服务的故障可能会导致级联故障,进而造成整个系统不可用的情况,这种现象被称为服务雪崩效应。服务雪崩效应是一种因“服务提供者”的不可用导致“服务消费者”的不可用,并将不可用逐渐放大的过程。
Hystrix
在微服务架构中,我们将系统拆分为很多个服务,各个服务之间通过注册与订阅的方式相互依赖,由于各个服务都是在各自的进程中运行,就有可能由于网络原因或者服务自身的问题导致调用故障或延迟,随着服务的积压,可能会导致服务崩溃。为了解决这一系列的问题,断路器等一系列服务保护机制出现了。
断路器本身是一种开关保护机制,用于在电路上保护线路过载,当线路中有电器发生短路时,断路器能够及时切断故障电路,防止发生过载、发热甚至起火等严重后果。
在分布式架构中,断路器模式的作用也是类似的。
针对上述问题,Spring Cloud Hystrix 实现了断路器、线路隔离等一系列服务保护功能。它也是基于 Netflix 的开源框架 Hystrix 实现的,该框架的目标在于通过控制那些访问远程系统、服务和第三方库的节点,从而对延迟和故障提供更强大的容错能力。Hystrix 具备服务降级、服务熔断、线程和信号隔离、请求缓存、请求合并以及服务监控等强大功能。
项目总览
spring-cloud-hystrix:一个maven项目
eureka-server:提供服务注册和发现
eureka-service-provider:服务提供方
eureka-consumer-ribbon:ribbon方式消费服务
eureka-consumer-feign:feign方式消费服务
示例代码会放到github上,在文章结尾。
关于项目的搭建这里不多说了,之前有写过
搭建项目:
服务注册发现中心和服务提供搭建点这里
消费服务搭建点这里
Feign + Hystrix
eureka-consumer-feign的结构如下:
eureka-consumer-feign的pom.xml如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.2.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.wy</groupId>
<artifactId>eureka-consumer-feign</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>eureka-consumer-feign</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.RC2</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-openfeign</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<name>Spring Milestones</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
</repository>
</repositories>
</project>
application.yml
# 配置服务器端口
server:
port: 8921
spring:
application:
name: eureka-consumer-feign
# 注册服务
eureka:
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8000/eureka/
# 配置启动断路器
feign:
hystrix:
enabled: true
启动类EurekaConsumerFeignApplication加@EnableDiscoveryClient和@EnableFeignClients注解
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerfeign;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableFeignClients
public class EurekaConsumerFeignApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaConsumerFeignApplication.class, args);
}
}
在HelloRemote接口的注解中加上fallback的指定类就行了:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerfeign.remote;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@FeignClient(name= "eureka-service-provider",fallback = HelloRemoteHystrix.class)
public interface HelloRemote {
@RequestMapping(value = "/hello/index")
public String hello(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name);
}
HelloRemoteHystrix需要实现HelloRemote接口,并注入到Ioc容器中,代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerfeign.remote;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestParam;
@Component
public class HelloRemoteHystrix implements HelloRemote{
@Override
public String hello(@RequestParam(value = "name") String name) {
return "hello " +name+", this messge send failed ";
}
}
测试类TestController代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerfeign.controller;
import com.wy.eurekaconsumerfeign.remote.HelloRemote;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/feign")
public class TestController {
@Autowired
private HelloRemote helloRemote;
@RequestMapping("/index/{name}")
public String index(@PathVariable("name") String name){
return helloRemote.hello(name);
}
}
依次启动eureka-server,eureka-service-provider,eureka-consumer-feign
访问http://localhost:8921/feign/index/wy
说明访问服务成功。停止eureka-service-provider,再访问http://localhost:8921/feign/index/wy
说明Hystrix生效了。
接下来重新启动eureka-service-provider,再访问http://localhost:8921/feign/index/wy
又可以访问服务了。
Ribbon + Hystrix
eureka-consumer-ribbon项目总览:
eureka-consumer-ribbon的pom.xml如下:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.2.RELEASE</version>
<relativePath/> <!-- lookup parent from repository -->
</parent>
<groupId>com.wy</groupId>
<artifactId>eureka-consumer-ribbon</artifactId>
<version>0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</version>
<name>eureka-consumer-ribbon</name>
<description>Demo project for Spring Boot</description>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<spring-cloud.version>Greenwich.RC2</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-eureka-client</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-ribbon</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestones</id>
<name>Spring Milestones</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
</repository>
</repositories>
</project>
eureka-consumer-ribbon的application.yml如下:
# 配置服务器端口
server:
port: 8920
spring:
application:
name: eureka-consumer-ribbon
# 注册服务
eureka:
client:
service-url:
defaultZone: http://localhost:8000/eureka/
启动类EurekaConsumerRibbonApplication加@EnableDiscoveryClient和@EnableHystrix,注入restTemplate, 并且开启负载均衡,代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.discovery.EnableDiscoveryClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.loadbalancer.LoadBalanced;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.EnableHystrix;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableDiscoveryClient
@EnableHystrix
public class EurekaConsumerRibbonApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(EurekaConsumerRibbonApplication.class, args);
}
/**
* 注入restTemplate, 并且开启负载均衡
*/
@Bean
@LoadBalanced
public RestTemplate createRestTemplate() {
return new RestTemplate();
}
}
HelloService接口代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon.service;
public interface HelloService {
String hello(String name);
}
HelloServiceImpl实现HelloService 接口,并用**@HystrixCommand**指定fallbackMethod方法,代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon.service.impl;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon.service.HelloService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;
@Service
public class HelloServiceImpl implements HelloService {
@Autowired
private RestTemplate restTemplate;
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "handleError")
@Override
public String hello(String name) {
return restTemplate.getForObject("http://eureka-service-provider/hello/index?name="+name, String.class);
}
/**
* @description: 断路器方法
* @return
*/
public String handleError(String name) {
return "hello "+name +",I am so sorry,Server has error";
}
}
测试类TestController代码如下:
package com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon.controller;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import com.wy.eurekaconsumerribbon.service.HelloService;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.PathVariable;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
@RequestMapping("/ribbon")
public class TestController {
@Autowired
private HelloService helloService;
@RequestMapping(value = "/hello/{name}")
public String hello(@PathVariable("name") String name) {
return helloService.hello(name);
}
}
依次启动eureka-server,eureka-service-provider,eureka-consumer-ribbon
访问http://localhost:8920/ribbon/hello/wy
说明访问服务成功。停止eureka-service-provider,再访问http://localhost:8920/ribbon/hello/wy
说明Hystrix生效了。
接下来重新启动eureka-service-provider,再访问
http://localhost:8920/ribbon/hello/wy
又可以访问服务了。
ps:
@EnableDiscoveryClient向服务中心注册
@EnableFeignClients注解开启Spring Cloud Feign的支持功能。