观察者模式（Observer Pattern）

设计原理4：为了交互对象之间的松耦合设计而努力

观察者模式：定义了对象之间的一对多的依赖，这样一来，当一个对象改变状态时，它的所有依赖者都会收到通知并自动更新。

案例：类似于邮件主题和邮件订阅者的关系。订阅的主题有了新内容会及时的给订阅者“推”最新的邮件，有一点不同，观察者模式也可以是被“拉”的。

注：这两种形式的观察者模式在JDK中广泛使用，是最多的模式之一

实现：

可以使用JDK自带的java.util.Observer 以及 java.util.Observable实现：

public class PatternDemo {
	
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		EmailSubject emailSubject = new EmailSubject();
		King king = new King(emailSubject);
		Knight knight = new Knight(emailSubject);
		
		emailSubject.setContent("one content");
		
		king.unregisterSubject(emailSubject);
		
		emailSubject.setContent("two content");
		
		knight.unregisterSubject(emailSubject);
		
		emailSubject.setContent("three content");
	}
}

public class EmailSubject extends Observable {

	public static final String SUBJECT_NAME = "Email Subject";
	private String content;

	public String getContent() {
		return content;
	}

	public void setContent(String content) {
		this.content = content;
		setChanged();
		notifyObservers(content);
	}
}

public class King implements Observer {
	
	public King(Observable o) {
		o.addObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void registerSubject(Observable o) {
		o.addObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void unregisterSubject(Observable o) {
		o.deleteObserver(this);
	}

	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object args) {
		EmailSubject eSubject = (EmailSubject) o;
		System.out.println(eSubject.SUBJECT_NAME + " send king " + args);
	}

}

public class Knight implements Observer {
	
	public Knight(Observable o) {
		o.addObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void registerSubject(Observable o) {
		o.addObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void unregisterSubject(Observable o) {
		o.deleteObserver(this);
	}

	@Override
	public void update(Observable o, Object args) {
		EmailSubject eSubject = (EmailSubject) o;
		System.out.println(eSubject.SUBJECT_NAME + " send knight " + args);
	}
}

运行结果：

Email Subject send knight one content
Email Subject send king one content
Email Subject send knight two content

显然，这个结果貌似和我要的有点不一样，我是先注册的king，然后是knight，结果他先给knight发了，虽然这是JDK内部实现的问题，但是对于我们实际要求还是不一样，而且根据之前提到的设计原理“针对接口编程”，以及《Head First》中提及到的Observable的黑暗面：

1这是一个类，不是一个接口，甚至没有实现一个接口，限制了使用和复用；

2关键方法setChanged()被保护，意味除非继承它，否则你无法创建其实例并组合到你自己的对象中来，这个设计违反了“多用组合，少用继承”。

因此在熟悉了观察者模式后，大可以自己写一个：

public interface Subject {
	
	public void registerObserver(Observer o);
	public void removeObserver(Observer o);
	public void notifyObservers();
}

public interface Observer {

	public void update(Subject subject, Object o);
}

public class EmailSubject implements Subject {

	public static final String SUBJECT_NAME = "Email Subject";
	private String content;
	
	private List<Observer> observers;
	private boolean changed;

	public void setChanged() {
		changed = true;
	}

	public EmailSubject() {
		observers = new LinkedList<Observer>();
	}
	
	public String getContent() {
		return content;
	}

	public void setContent(String content) {
		this.content = content;
		setChanged();
		notifyObservers();
	}

	@Override
	public void registerObserver(Observer o) {
		observers.add(o);
	}

	@Override
	public void removeObserver(Observer o) {
		int index = observers.indexOf(o);
		if (index >= 0) {
			observers.remove(index);
		}
	}

	@Override
	public void notifyObservers() {
		if (changed) {
			for (Observer o: observers) {
				o.update(this, getContent());
			}
		}
		changed = false;
	}
}

public class Knight implements Observer {

	public Knight(Subject s) {
		s.registerObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void registerSubject(Subject s) {
		s.registerObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void unregisterSubject(Subject s) {
		s.removeObserver(this);
	}
	
	@Override
	public void update(Subject subject, Object o) {
		EmailSubject eSubject = (EmailSubject) subject;
		System.out.println(eSubject.SUBJECT_NAME + " send knight " + o);
	}
}

public class King implements Observer {
	
	public King(Subject s) {
		s.registerObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void registerSubject(Subject s) {
		s.registerObserver(this);
	}
	
	public void unregisterSubject(Subject s) {
		s.removeObserver(this);
	}

	@Override
	public void update(Subject subject, Object o) {
		EmailSubject eSubject = (EmailSubject) subject;
		System.out.println(eSubject.SUBJECT_NAME + " send king " + o);
	}

}