In kernel version 2.1, the sendfile system call was introduced to simplify the transmission of data over the network and between two local files. Introduction of sendfile not only reduces data copying, it also reduces context switches. Use it like this:
sendfile(socket, file, len);
To get a better idea of the process involved, take a look at Figure 3.
Figure 3. Replacing Read and Write with Sendfile
Step one: the sendfile system call causes the file contents to be copied into a kernel buffer by the DMA engine. Then the data is copied by the kernel into the kernel buffer associated with sockets.
Step two: the third copy happens as the DMA engine passes the data from the kernel socket buffers to the protocol engine.
You are probably wondering what happens if another process truncates the file we are transmitting with the sendfile system call. If we don't register any signal handlers, the sendfile call simply returns with the number of bytes it transferred before it got interrupted, and the errno will be set to success.
If we get a lease from the kernel on the file before we call sendfile, however, the behavior and the return status are exactly the same. We also get the RT_SIGNAL_LEASE signal before the sendfile call returns.
So far, we have been able to avoid having the kernel make several copies, but we are still left with one copy. Can that be avoided too? Absolutely, with a little help from the hardware. To eliminate all the data duplication done by the kernel, we need a network interface that supports gather operations. This simply means that data awaiting transmission doesn't need to be in consecutive memory; it can be scattered through various memory locations. In kernel version 2.4, the socket buffer descriptor was modified to accommodate those requirements—what is known as zero copy under Linux. This approach not only reduces multiple context switches, it also eliminates data duplication done by the processor. For user-level applications nothing has changed, so the code still looks like this:
sendfile(socket, file, len);
To get a better idea of the process involved, take a look at Figure 4.
Figure 4. Hardware that supports gather can assemble data from multiple memory locations, eliminating another copy.
Step one: the sendfile system call causes the file contents to be copied into a kernel buffer by the DMA engine.
Step two: no data is copied into the socket buffer. Instead, only descriptors with information about the whereabouts and length of the data are appended to the socket buffer. The DMA engine passes data directly from the kernel buffer to the protocol engine, thus eliminating the remaining final copy.
Because data still is actually copied from the disk to the memory and from the memory to the wire, some might argue this is not a true zero copy. This is zero copy from the operating system standpoint, though, because the data is not duplicated between kernel buffers. When using zero copy, other performance benefits can be had besides copy avoidance, such as fewer context switches, less CPU data cache pollution and no CPU checksum calculations.
Now that we know what zero copy is, let's put theory into practice and write some code. You can download the full source code fromwww.xalien.org/articles/source/sfl-src.tgz. To unpack the source code, typetar -zxvf sfl-src.tgz at the prompt. To compile the code and create the random data file data.bin, run make.
Looking at the code starting with header files:
/* sfl.c sendfile example program
Dragan Stancevic <
header name function / variable
-------------------------------------------------*/
#include <stdio.h> /* printf, perror */
#include <fcntl.h> /* open */
#include <unistd.h> /* close */
#include <errno.h> /* errno */
#include <string.h> /* memset */
#include <sys/socket.h> /* socket */
#include <netinet/in.h> /* sockaddr_in */
#include <sys/sendfile.h> /* sendfile */
#include <arpa/inet.h> /* inet_addr */
#define BUFF_SIZE (10*1024) /* size of the tmp
buffer */
Besides the regular <sys/socket.h> and <netinet/in.h> required for basic socket operation, we need a prototype definition of the sendfile system call. This can be found in the <sys/sendfile.h> server flag:
/* are we sending or receiving */
if(argv[1][0] == 's') is_server++;
/* open descriptors */
sd = socket(PF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if(is_server) fd = open("data.bin", O_RDONLY);
The same program can act as either a server/sender or a client/receiver. We have to check one of the command-prompt parameters, and then set the flag is_server to run in sender mode. We also open a stream socket of the INET protocol family. As part of running in server mode we need some type of data to transmit to a client, so we open our data file. We are using the system call sendfile to transmit data, so we don't have to read the actual contents of the file and store it in our program memory buffer. Here's the server address:
/* clear the memory */ memset(&sa, 0, sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)); /* initialize structure */ sa.sin_family = PF_INET; sa.sin_port = htons(1033); sa.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(argv[2]);We clear the server address structure and assign the protocol family, port and IP address of the server. The address of the server is passed as a command-line parameter. The port number is hard coded to unassigned port 1033. This port number was chosen because it is above the port range requiring root access to the system.
Here is the server execution branch:
if(is_server){
int client; /* new client socket */
printf("Server binding to [%s]\n", argv[2]);
if(bind(sd, (struct sockaddr *)&sa,
sizeof(sa)) < 0){
perror("bind");
exit(errno);
}
As a server, we need to assign an address to our socket descriptor. This is achieved by the system call bind, which assigns the socket descriptor (sd) a server address (sa):
if(listen(sd,1) < 0){
perror("listen");
exit(errno);
}
Because we are using a stream socket, we have to advertise our willingness to accept incoming connections and set the connection queue size. I've set the backlog queue to 1, but it is common to set the backlog a bit higher for established connections waiting to be accepted. In older versions of the kernel, the backlog queue was used to prevent syn flood attacks. Because the system call listen changed to set parameters for only established connections, the backlog queue feature has been deprecated for this call. The kernel parameter tcp_max_syn_backlog has taken over the role of protecting the system from syn flood attacks:
if((client = accept(sd, NULL, NULL)) < 0){
perror("accept");
exit(errno);
}
The system call accept creates a new connected socket from the first connection request on the pending connections queue. The return value from the call is a descriptor for a newly created connection; the socket is now ready for read, write or poll/select system calls:
if((cnt = sendfile(client,fd,&off,
BUFF_SIZE)) < 0){
perror("sendfile");
exit(errno);
}
printf("Server sent %d bytes.\n", cnt);
close(client);
A connection is established on the client socket descriptor, so we can start transmitting data to the remote system. We do this by calling the sendfile system call, which is prototyped under Linux in the following manner:
extern ssize_t
sendfile (int __out_fd, int __in_fd, off_t *offset,
size_t __count) __THROW;
The first two parameters are file descriptors. The third parameter points to an offset from which sendfile should start sending data. The fourth parameter is the number of bytes we want to transmit. In order for the sendfile transmit to use zero-copy functionality, you need memory gather operation support from your networking card. You also need checksum capabilities for protocols that implement checksums, such as TCP or UDP. If your NIC is outdated and doesn't support those features, you still can use sendfile to transmit files. The difference is the kernel will merge the buffers before transmitting them.
One of the problems with the sendfile system call, in general, is the lack of a standard implementation, as there is for the open system call. Sendfile implementations in Linux, Solaris or HP-UX are quite different. This poses a problem for developers who wish to use zero copy in their network data transmission code.
One of the implementation differences is Linux provides a sendfile that defines an interface for transmitting data between two file descriptors (file-to-file) and (file-to-socket). HP-UX and Solaris, on the other hand, can be used only for file-to-socket submissions.
The second difference is Linux doesn't implement vectored transfers. Solaris sendfile and HP-UX sendfile have extra parameters that eliminate overhead associated with prepending headers to the data being transmitted.
The implementation of zero copy under Linux is far from finished and is likely to change in the near future. More functionality should be added. For example, the sendfile call doesn't support vectored transfers, and servers such as Samba and Apache have to use multiple sendfile calls with the TCP_CORK flag set. This flag tells the system more data is coming through in the next sendfile calls. TCP_CORK also is incompatible with TCP_NODELAY and is used when we want to prepend or append headers to the data. This is a perfect example of where a vectored call would eliminate the need for multiple sendfile calls and delays mandated by the current implementation.
One rather unpleasant limitation in the current sendfile is it cannot be used when transferring files greater than 2GB. Files of such size are not all that uncommon today, and it's rather disappointing having to duplicate all that data on its way out. Because both sendfile and mmap methods are unusable in this case, a sendfile64 would be really handy in a future kernel version.
Despite some drawbacks, zero-copy sendfile is a useful feature, and I hope you have found this article informative enough to start using it in your programs. If you have a more in-depth interest in the subject, keep an eye out for my second article, titled “Zero Copy II: Kernel Perspective”, where I will dig a bit more into the kernel internals of zero copy.
Dragan Stancevic is a kernel and hardware bring-up engineer in his late twenties. He is a software engineer by profession but has a deep interest in applied physics and has been known to play with extremely high voltages in his free time.
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