SYSCALLS(2) Linux Programmer’s Manual SYSCALLS(2)
NAME
syscalls - Linux system calls
SYNOPSIS
Linux system calls.
DESCRIPTION
The system call is the fundamental interface between an application and the Linux kernel.
System calls and library wrapper functions
System calls are generally not invoked directly, but rather via wrapper functions in glibc (or perhaps some other
library). For details of direct invocation of a system call, see intro(2). Often, but not always, the name of
the wrapper function is the same as the name of the system call that it invokes. For example, glibc contains a
function truncate() which invokes the underlying “truncate” system call.
Often the glibc wrapper function is quite thin, doing little work other than copying arguments to the right regis-
ters before invoking the system call, and then setting errno appropriately after the system call has returned.
(These are the same steps that are performed by syscall(2), which can be used to invoke system calls for which no
wrapper function is provided.) Note: system calls indicate a failure by returning a negative error number to the
caller; when this happens, the wrapper function negates the returned error number (to make it positive), copies it
to errno, and returns -1 to the caller of the wrapper.
Sometimes, however, the wrapper function does some extra work before invoking the system call. For example, nowa-
days there are (for reasons described below) two related system calls, truncate(2) and truncate64(2), and the
glibc truncate() wrapper function checks which of those system calls are provided by the kernel and determines
which should be employed.
System call list
Below is a list of the Linux system calls. In the list, the Kernel column indicates the kernel version for those
system calls that were new in Linux 2.2, or have appeared since that kernel version. Note the following points:
* Where no kernel version is indicated, the system call appeared in kernel 1.0 or earlier.
* Where a system call is marked "1.2" this means the system call probably appeared in a 1.1.x kernel version, and
first appeared in a stable kernel with 1.2. (Development of the 1.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of ker-
nel 1.0.6 via the 1.1.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.0" this means the system call probably appeared in a 1.3.x kernel version, and
first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.0. (Development of the 2.0 kernel was initiated from a branch of ker-
nel 1.2.x, somewhere around 1.2.10, via the 1.3.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.2" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.1.x kernel version, and
first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.2.0. (Development of the 2.2 kernel was initiated from a branch of
kernel 2.0.21 via the 2.1.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.4" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.3.x kernel version, and
first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.4.0. (Development of the 2.4 kernel was initiated from a branch of
kernel 2.2.8 via the 2.3.x unstable kernel series.)
* Where a system call is marked "2.6" this means the system call probably appeared in a 2.5.x kernel version, and
first appeared in a stable kernel with 2.6.0. (Development of kernel 2.6 was initiated from a branch of kernel
2.4.15 via the 2.5.x unstable kernel series.)
* Starting with kernel 2.6.0, the development model changed, and new system calls may appear in each 2.6.x
release. In this case, the exact version number where the system call appeared is shown. This convention con-
tinues with the 3.x kernel series, which followed on from kernel 2.6.39.
* In some cases, a system call was added to a stable kernel series after it branched from the previous stable
kernel series, and then backported into the earlier stable kernel series. For example some system calls that
appeared in 2.6.x were also backported into a 2.4.x release after 2.4.15. When this is so, the version where
the system call appeared in both of the major kernel series is listed.
The list of system calls that are available as at kernel 3.9 (or in a few cases only on older kernels) is as fol-
lows:
System call Kernel Notes
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
_llseek(2) 1.2
_newselect(2) 2.0
_sysctl(2) 2.0
accept(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
accept4(2) 2.6.28
access(2) 1.0
acct(2) 1.0
add_key(2) 2.6.11
adjtimex(2) 1.0
alarm(2) 1.0
alloc_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
bdflush(2) 1.2 Deprecated (does nothing)
since 2.6
bind(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
brk(2) 1.0
cacheflush(2) 1.2 Not on x86
capget(2) 2.2
capset(2) 2.2
chdir(2) 1.0
chmod(2) 1.0
chown(2) 2.2 See chown(2) for
version details
chown32(2) 2.4
chroot(2) 1.0
clock_adjtime(2) 2.6.39
clock_getres(2) 2.6
clock_gettime(2) 2.6
clock_nanosleep(2) 2.6
clock_settime(2) 2.6
clone(2) 1.0
close(2) 1.0
connect(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
creat(2) 1.0
create_module(2) Removed in 2.6
delete_module(2) 1.0
dup(2) 1.0
dup2(2) 1.0
dup3(2) 2.6.27
epoll_create(2) 2.6
epoll_create1(2) 2.6.27
epoll_ctl(2) 2.6
epoll_pwait(2) 2.6.19
epoll_wait(2) 2.6
eventfd(2) 2.6.22
eventfd2(2) 2.6.27
execve(2) 1.0
exit(2) 1.0
exit_group(2) 2.6
faccessat(2) 2.6.16
fadvise64(2) 2.6
fadvise64_64(2) 2.6
fallocate(2) 2.6.23
fanotify_init(2) 2.6.37
fanotify_mark(2) 2.6.37
fchdir(2) 1.0
fchmod(2) 1.0
fchmodat(2) 2.6.16
fchown(2) 1.0
fchown32(2) 2.4
fchownat(2) 2.6.16
fcntl(2) 1.0
fcntl64(2) 2.4
fdatasync(2) 2.0
fgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
finit_module(2) 3.8
flistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
flock(2) 2.0
fork(2) 1.0
free_hugepages(2) 2.5.36 Removed in 2.5.44
fremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
fstat(2) 1.0
fstat64(2) 2.4
fstatat64(2) 2.6.16
fstatfs(2) 1.0
fstatfs64(2) 2.6
fsync(2) 1.0 1.0
ftruncate(2) 1.0
ftruncate64(2) 2.4
futex(2) 2.6
futimesat(2) 2.6.16
get_kernel_syms(2) Removed in 2.6
get_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
get_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
get_thread_area(2) 2.6
getcpu(2) 2.6.19
getcwd(2) 2.2
getdents(2) 2.0
getdents64(2) 2.4
getegid(2) 1.0
getegid32(2) 2.4
geteuid(2) 1.0
geteuid32(2) 2.4
getgid(2) 1.0
getgid32(2) 2.4
getgroups(2) 1.0
getgroups32(2) 2.4
getitimer(2) 1.0
getpeername(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getpagesize(2) 2.0 Not on x86
getpgid(2) 1.0
getpgrp(2) 1.0
getpid(2) 1.0
getppid(2) 1.0
getpriority(2) 1.0
getresgid(2) 2.2
getresgid32(2) 2.4
getresuid(2) 2.2
getresuid32(2) 2.4
getrlimit(2) 1.0
getrusage(2) 1.0
getsid(2) 2.0
getsockname(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
getsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
gettid(2) 2.4.11
gettimeofday(2) 1.0
getuid(2) 1.0
getuid32(2) 2.4
getxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
init_module(2) 1.0
inotify_add_watch(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init(2) 2.6.13
inotify_init1(2) 2.6.27
inotify_rm_watch(2) 2.6.13
io_cancel(2) 2.6
io_destroy(2) 2.6
io_getevents(2) 2.6
io_setup(2) 2.6
io_submit(2) 2.6
ioctl(2) 1.0
ioperm(2) 1.0
iopl(2) 1.0
ioprio_get(2) 2.6.13
ioprio_set(2) 2.6.13
ipc(2) 1.0
kcmp(2) 3.5
kern_features(2) 3.7 Sparc64
kexec_load(2) 2.6.13
keyctl(2) 2.6.11
kill(2) 1.0
lchown(2) 1.0 See chown(2) for
version details
lchown32(2) 2.4
lgetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
link(2) 1.0
linkat(2) 2.6.16
listen(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
listxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
llistxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lookup_dcookie(2) 2.6
lremovexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lseek(2) 1.0
lsetxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
lstat(2) 1.0
lstat64(2) 2.4
madvise(2) 2.4
madvise1(2) 2.4
mbind(2) 2.6.6
migrate_pages(2) 2.6.16
mincore(2) 2.4
mkdir(2) 1.0
mkdirat(2) 2.6.16
mknod(2) 1.0
mknodat(2) 2.6.16
mlock(2) 2.0
mlockall(2) 2.0
mmap(2) 1.0
mmap2(2) 2.4
modify_ldt(2) 1.0
mount(2) 1.0
move_pages(2) 2.6.18
mprotect(2) 1.0
mq_getsetattr(2) 2.6.6
mq_notify(2) 2.6.6
mq_open(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedreceive(2) 2.6.6
mq_timedsend(2) 2.6.6
mq_unlink(2) 2.6.6
mremap(2) 2.0
msgctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgrcv(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msgsnd(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
msync(2) 2.0
munlock(2) 2.0
munlockall(2) 2.0
munmap(2) 1.0
name_to_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
nanosleep(2) 2.0
nfsservctl(2) 2.2 Removed in 3.1
nice(2) 1.0
oldfstat(2) 1.0
oldlstat(2) 1.0
oldolduname(2) 1.0
oldstat(2) 1.0
olduname(2) 1.0
open(2) 1.0
open_by_handle_at(2) 2.6.39
openat(2) 2.6.16
pause(2) 1.0
pciconfig_iobase(2) 2.2.15; 2.4 Not on x86
pciconfig_read(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
pciconfig_write(2) 2.0.26; 2.2 Not on x86
perf_event_open(2) 2.6.31 Was called perf_counter_open()
in 2.6.31; renamed in 2.6.32
personality(2) 1.2
perfctr(2) 2.2 Sparc; removed in 2.6.34
perfmonctl(2) 2.4 ia64
pipe(2) 1.0
pipe2(2) 2.6.27
pivot_root(2) 2.4
poll(2) 2.0.36; 2.2
ppc_rtas(2) PowerPC only
ppoll(2) 2.6.16
prctl(2) 2.2
pread64(2) Added as "pread" in 2.2;
renamed "pread64" in 2.6
preadv(2) 2.6.30
prlimit(2) 2.6.36
process_vm_readv(2) 3.2
process_vm_writev(2) 3.2
pselect6(2) 2.6.16
ptrace(2) 1.0
pwrite64(2) Added as "pwrite" in 2.2;
renamed "pwrite64" in 2.6
pwritev(2) 2.6.30
query_module(2) 2.2 Removed in 2.6
quotactl(2) 1.0
read(2) 1.0
readahead(2) 2.4.13
readdir(2) 1.0
readlink(2) 1.0
readlinkat(2) 2.6.16
readv(2) 2.0
reboot(2) 1.0
recv(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvfrom(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
recvmmsg(2) 2.6.33
remap_file_pages(2) 2.6
removexattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
rename(2) 1.0
renameat(2) 2.6.16
request_key(2) 2.6.11
restart_syscall(2) 2.6
rmdir(2) 1.0
rt_sigaction(2) 2.2
rt_sigpending(2) 2.2
rt_sigprocmask(2) 2.2
rt_sigqueueinfo(2) 2.2
rt_sigreturn(2) 2.2
rt_sigsuspend(2) 2.2
rt_sigtimedwait(2) 2.2
rt_tgsigqueueinfo(2) 2.6.31
s390_runtime_instr(2) 3.7 s390 only
sched_get_priority_max(2) 2.0
sched_get_priority_min(2) 2.0
sched_getaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_getparam(2) 2.0
sched_getscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_rr_get_interval(2) 2.0
sched_setaffinity(2) 2.6
sched_setparam(2) 2.0
sched_setscheduler(2) 2.0
sched_yield(2) 2.0
select(2) 1.0
semctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semop(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
semtimedop(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
send(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendfile(2) 2.2
sendfile64(2) 2.6; 2.4.19
sendmmsg(2) 3.0
sendmsg(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sendto(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
set_mempolicy(2) 2.6.6
set_robust_list(2) 2.6.17
set_thread_area(2) 2.6
set_tid_address(2) 2.6
setdomainname(2) 1.0
setfsgid(2) 1.2
setfsgid32(2) 2.4
setfsuid(2) 1.2
setfsuid32(2) 2.4
setgid(2) 1.0
setgid32(2) 2.4
setgroups(2) 1.0
setgroups32(2) 2.4
sethostname(2) 1.0
setitimer(2) 1.0
setns(2) 3.0
setpgid(2) 1.0
setpriority(2) 1.0
setregid(2) 1.0
setregid32(2) 2.4
setresgid(2) 2.2
setresgid32(2) 2.4
setresuid(2) 2.2
setresuid32(2) 2.4
setreuid(2) 1.0
setreuid32(2) 2.4
setrlimit(2) 1.0
setsid(2) 1.0
setsockopt(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
settimeofday(2) 1.0
setuid(2) 1.0
setuid32(2) 2.4
setup(2) Removed in 2.2
setxattr(2) 2.6; 2.4.18
sgetmask(2) 1.0
shmat(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmctl(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmdt(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shmget(2) 2.0 See notes on ipc(2)
shutdown(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
sigaction(2) 1.0
sigaltstack(2) 2.2
signal(2) 1.0
signalfd(2) 2.6.22
signalfd4(2) 2.6.27
sigpending(2) 1.0
sigprocmask(2) 1.0
sigreturn(2) 1.0
sigsuspend(2) 1.0
socket(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
socketcall(2) 1.0
socketpair(2) 2.0 See notes on socketcall(2)
splice(2) 2.6.17
spu_create(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC only
spu_run(2) 2.6.16 PowerPC only
ssetmask(2) 1.0
stat(2) 1.0
stat64(2) 2.4
statfs(2) 1.0
statfs64(2) 2.6
stime(2) 1.0
subpage_prot(2) 2.6.25 PowerPC if
CONFIG_PPC_64K_PAGES
swapoff(2) 1.0
swapon(2) 1.0
symlink(2) 1.0
symlinkat(2) 2.6.16
sync(2) 1.0
sync_file_range(2) 2.6.17
sync_file_range2(2) 2.6.22 Architecture-specific variant
of sync_file_range(2)
syncfs(2) 2.6.39
sysfs(2) 1.2
sysinfo(2) 1.0
syslog(2) 1.0
tee(2) 2.6.17
tgkill(2) 2.6
time(2) 1.0
timer_create(2) 2.6
timer_delete(2) 2.6
timer_getoverrun(2) 2.6
timer_gettime(2) 2.6
timer_settime(2) 2.6
timerfd_create(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_gettime(2) 2.6.25
timerfd_settime(2) 2.6.25
times(2) 1.0
tkill(2) 2.6; 2.4.22
truncate(2) 1.0
truncate64(2) 2.4
ugetrlimit(2) 2.4
umask(2) 1.0
umount(2) 1.0
umount2(2) 2.2
uname(2) 1.0
unlink(2) 1.0
unlinkat(2) 2.6.16
unshare(2) 2.6.16
uselib(2) 1.0
ustat(2) 1.0
utime(2) 1.0
utimensat(2) 2.6.22
utimes(2) 2.2
utrap_install(2) 2.2 Sparc
vfork(2) 2.2
vhangup(2) 1.0
vm86old(2) 1.0 Was "vm86"; renamed in
2.0.28/2.2
vm86(2) 2.0.28; 2.2
vmsplice(2) 2.6.17
wait4(2) 1.0
waitid(2) 2.6.10
waitpid(2) 1.0
write(2) 1.0
writev(2) 2.0
On many platforms, including x86-32, socket calls are all multiplexed (via glibc wrapper functions) through sock-
etcall(2) and similarly System V IPC calls are multiplexed through ipc(2).
Although slots are reserved for them in the system call table, the following system calls are not implemented in
the standard kernel: afs_syscall(2), break(2), ftime(2), getpmsg(2), gtty(2), idle(2), lock(2), madvise1(2),
mpx(2), phys(2), prof(2), profil(2), putpmsg(2), security(2), stty(2), tuxcall(2), ulimit(2), and vserver(2) (see
also unimplemented(2)). However, ftime(3), profil(3) and ulimit(3) exist as library routines. The slot for
phys(2) is in use since kernel 2.1.116 for umount(2); phys(2) will never be implemented. The getpmsg(2) and
putpmsg(2) calls are for kernels patched to support STREAMS, and may never be in the standard kernel.
There was briefly set_zone_reclaim(2), added in Linux 2.6.13, and removed in 2.6.16; this system call was never
available to user space.
NOTES
Roughly speaking, the code belonging to the system call with number __NR_xxx defined in /usr/include/asm/unistd.h
can be found in the Linux kernel source in the routine sys_xxx(). (The dispatch table for i386 can be found in
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/kernel/entry.S.) There are many exceptions, however, mostly because older system calls
were superseded by newer ones, and this has been treated somewhat unsystematically. On platforms with proprietary
operating-system emulation, such as parisc, sparc, sparc64 and alpha, there are many additional system calls;
mips64 also contains a full set of 32-bit system calls.
Over time, changes to the interfaces of some system calls have been necessary. One reason for such changes was
the need to increase the size of structures or scalar values passed to the system call. Because of these changes,
there are now various groups of related system calls (e.g., truncate(2) and truncate64(2)) which perform similar
tasks, but which vary in details such as the size of their arguments. (As noted earlier, applications are gener-
ally unaware of this: the glibc wrapper functions do some work to ensure that the right system call is invoked,
and that ABI compatibility is preserved for old binaries.) Examples of systems calls that exist in multiple ver-
sions are the following:
* By now there are three different versions of stat(2): sys_stat() (slot __NR_oldstat), sys_newstat() (slot
__NR_stat), and sys_stat64() (slot __NR_stat64), with the last being the most current. A similar story applies
for lstat(2) and fstat(2).
* Similarly, the defines __NR_oldolduname, __NR_olduname, and __NR_uname refer to the routines sys_olduname(),
sys_uname() and sys_newuname().
* In Linux 2.0, a new version of vm86(2) appeared, with the old and the new kernel routines being named
sys_vm86old() and sys_vm86().
* In Linux 2.4, a new version of getrlimit(2) appeared, with the old and the new kernel routines being named
sys_old_getrlimit() (slot __NR_getrlimit) and sys_getrlimit() (slot __NR_ugetrlimit).
* Linux 2.4 increased the size of user and group IDs from 16 to 32 bits. To support this change, a range of sys-
tem calls were added (e.g., chown32(2), getuid32(2), getgroups32(2), setresuid32(2)), superseding earlier calls
of the same name without the "32" suffix.
* Linux 2.4 added support for applications on 32-bit architectures to access large files (i.e., files for which
the sizes and file offsets can't be represented in 32 bits.) To support this change, replacements were
required for system calls that deal with file offsets and sizes. Thus the following system calls were added:
fcntl64(2), ftruncate64(2), getdents64(2), stat64(2), statfs64(2), and their analogs that work with file
descriptors or symbolic links. These system calls supersede the older system calls which, except in the case
of the "stat" calls, have the same name without the "64" suffix.
On newer platforms that only have 64-bit file access and 32-bit uids (e.g., alpha, ia64, s390x) there are no
*64 or *32 calls. Where the *64 and *32 calls exist, the other versions are obsolete.
* The rt_sig* calls were added in kernel 2.2 to support the addition of real-time signals (see signal(7)). These
system calls supersede the older system calls of the same name without the "rt_" prefix.
* The select(2) and mmap(2) system calls use five or more arguments, which caused problems in the way argument
passing on the i386 used to be set up. Thus, while other architectures have sys_select() and sys_mmap() corre-
sponding to __NR_select and __NR_mmap, on i386 one finds old_select() and old_mmap() (routines that use a
pointer to a argument block) instead. These days passing five arguments is not a problem any more, and there
is a __NR__newselect that corresponds directly to sys_select() and similarly __NR_mmap2.
SEE ALSO
syscall(2), unimplemented(2), libc(7)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.53 of the Linux man-pages project. A description of the project, and information
about reporting bugs, can be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
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