IO多路复用--select,poll,epoll

背景

传统的IO，OS只提供了对一个FD进行操作的功能，也就是BIO。

• 1对1模型
  

• 线程池模型
  

传统IO模式基于OS提供的功能，就限制了一个线程同一个时刻就只能处理一个连接。

IO多路复用

基于传统IO的模式，OS提供了IO多路复用模型，一个线程可以同一个时刻处理多个连接，可以一次性给多个FD给内核进行操作。

select

select的逻辑比较简单，接受从用户态传过来的FD数组，循环遍历调用VFS中file->poll函数判断是否有准备数据可以进行操作，如果有设置标识位。

static int aeApiPoll(aeEventLoop *eventLoop, struct timeval *tvp) {
    aeApiState *state = eventLoop->apidata;
    int retval, j, numevents = 0;

    memcpy(&state->_rfds,&state->rfds,sizeof(fd_set));
    memcpy(&state->_wfds,&state->wfds,sizeof(fd_set));

    retval = select(eventLoop->maxfd+1,
                &state->_rfds,&state->_wfds,NULL,tvp);
    if (retval > 0) {
        for (j = 0; j <= eventLoop->maxfd; j++) {
            int mask = 0;
            aeFileEvent *fe = &eventLoop->events[j];

            if (fe->mask == AE_NONE) continue;
            if (fe->mask & AE_READABLE && FD_ISSET(j,&state->_rfds))
                mask |= AE_READABLE;
            if (fe->mask & AE_WRITABLE && FD_ISSET(j,&state->_wfds))
                mask |= AE_WRITABLE;
            eventLoop->fired[numevents].fd = j;
            eventLoop->fired[numevents].mask = mask;
            numevents++;
        }
    }
    return numevents;
}

asmlinkage long
sys_select(int n, fd_set __user *inp, fd_set __user *outp, fd_set __user *exp, struct timeval __user *tvp)
{
	fd_set_bits fds;
	char *bits;
	long timeout;
	int ret, size, max_fdset;

	timeout = MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT;
	if (tvp) {
		time_t sec, usec;

		if ((ret = verify_area(VERIFY_READ, tvp, sizeof(*tvp)))
		    || (ret = __get_user(sec, &tvp->tv_sec))
		    || (ret = __get_user(usec, &tvp->tv_usec)))
			goto out_nofds;

		ret = -EINVAL;
		if (sec < 0 || usec < 0)
			goto out_nofds;

		if ((unsigned long) sec < MAX_SELECT_SECONDS) {
			timeout = ROUND_UP(usec, 1000000/HZ);
			timeout += sec * (unsigned long) HZ;
		}
	}

	ret = -EINVAL;
	if (n < 0)
		goto out_nofds;

	/* max_fdset can increase, so grab it once to avoid race */
	max_fdset = current->files->max_fdset;
	if (n > max_fdset)
		n = max_fdset;

	/*
	 * We need 6 bitmaps (in/out/ex for both incoming and outgoing),
	 * since we used fdset we need to allocate memory in units of
	 * long-words. 
	 */
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	size = FDS_BYTES(n);
	bits = select_bits_alloc(size);
	if (!bits)
		goto out_nofds;
	fds.in      = (unsigned long *)  bits;
	fds.out     = (unsigned long *) (bits +   size);
	fds.ex      = (unsigned long *) (bits + 2*size);
	fds.res_in  = (unsigned long *) (bits + 3*size);
	fds.res_out = (unsigned long *) (bits + 4*size);
	fds.res_ex  = (unsigned long *) (bits + 5*size);

	if ((ret = get_fd_set(n, inp, fds.in)) ||
	    (ret = get_fd_set(n, outp, fds.out)) ||
	    (ret = get_fd_set(n, exp, fds.ex)))
		goto out;
	zero_fd_set(n, fds.res_in);
	zero_fd_set(n, fds.res_out);
	zero_fd_set(n, fds.res_ex);

	ret = do_select(n, &fds, &timeout);

	if (tvp && !(current->personality & STICKY_TIMEOUTS)) {
		time_t sec = 0, usec = 0;
		if (timeout) {
			sec = timeout / HZ;
			usec = timeout % HZ;
			usec *= (1000000/HZ);
		}
		put_user(sec, &tvp->tv_sec);
		put_user(usec, &tvp->tv_usec);
	}

	if (ret < 0)
		goto out;
	if (!ret) {
		ret = -ERESTARTNOHAND;
		if (signal_pending(current))
			goto out;
		ret = 0;
	}

	set_fd_set(n, inp, fds.res_in);
	set_fd_set(n, outp, fds.res_out);
	set_fd_set(n, exp, fds.res_ex);

out:
	select_bits_free(bits, size);
out_nofds:
	return ret;
}

int do_select(int n, fd_set_bits *fds, long *timeout)
{
	struct poll_wqueues table;
	poll_table *wait;
	int retval, i;
	long __timeout = *timeout;

 	spin_lock(&current->files->file_lock);
	retval = max_select_fd(n, fds);
	spin_unlock(&current->files->file_lock);

	if (retval < 0)
		return retval;
	n = retval;

	poll_initwait(&table);
	wait = &table.pt;
	if (!__timeout)
		wait = NULL;
	retval = 0;
	for (;;) {
		unsigned long *rinp, *routp, *rexp, *inp, *outp, *exp;

		set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);

		inp = fds->in; outp = fds->out; exp = fds->ex;
		rinp = fds->res_in; routp = fds->res_out; rexp = fds->res_ex;

		for (i = 0; i < n; ++rinp, ++routp, ++rexp) {
			unsigned long in, out, ex, all_bits, bit = 1, mask, j;
			unsigned long res_in = 0, res_out = 0, res_ex = 0;
			struct file_operations *f_op = NULL;
			struct file *file = NULL;

			in = *inp++; out = *outp++; ex = *exp++;
			all_bits = in | out | ex;
			if (all_bits == 0) {
				i += __NFDBITS;
				continue;
			}

			for (j = 0; j < __NFDBITS; ++j, ++i, bit <<= 1) {
				if (i >= n)
					break;
				if (!(bit & all_bits))
					continue;
				file = fget(i);
				if (file) {
					f_op = file->f_op;
					mask = DEFAULT_POLLMASK;
					if (f_op && f_op->poll)
						mask = (*f_op->poll)(file, retval ? NULL : wait);
					fput(file);
					if ((mask & POLLIN_SET) && (in & bit)) {
						res_in |= bit;
						retval++;
					}
					if ((mask & POLLOUT_SET) && (out & bit)) {
						res_out |= bit;
						retval++;
					}
					if ((mask & POLLEX_SET) && (ex & bit)) {
						res_ex |= bit;
						retval++;
					}
				}
			}
			if (res_in)
				*rinp = res_in;
			if (res_out)
				*routp = res_out;
			if (res_ex)
				*rexp = res_ex;
		}
		wait = NULL;
		if (retval || !__timeout || signal_pending(current))
			break;
		if(table.error) {
			retval = table.error;
			break;
		}
		__timeout = schedule_timeout(__timeout);
	}
	__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);

	poll_freewait(&table);

	/*
	 * Up-to-date the caller timeout.
	 */
	*timeout = __timeout;
	return retval;
}

poll

sys_poll

asmlinkage long sys_poll(struct pollfd __user * ufds, unsigned int nfds, long timeout)
{
	struct poll_wqueues table;
 	int fdcount, err;
 	unsigned int i;
	struct poll_list *head;
 	struct poll_list *walk;

	/* Do a sanity check on nfds ... */
	if (nfds > current->files->max_fdset && nfds > OPEN_MAX)
		return -EINVAL;

	if (timeout) {
		/* Careful about overflow in the intermediate values */
		if ((unsigned long) timeout < MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT / HZ)
			timeout = (unsigned long)(timeout*HZ+999)/1000+1;
		else /* Negative or overflow */
			timeout = MAX_SCHEDULE_TIMEOUT;
	}

	poll_initwait(&table);

	head = NULL;
	walk = NULL;
	i = nfds;
	err = -ENOMEM;
	while(i!=0) {
		struct poll_list *pp;
		pp = kmalloc(sizeof(struct poll_list)+
				sizeof(struct pollfd)*
				(i>POLLFD_PER_PAGE?POLLFD_PER_PAGE:i),
					GFP_KERNEL);
		if(pp==NULL)
			goto out_fds;
		pp->next=NULL;
		pp->len = (i>POLLFD_PER_PAGE?POLLFD_PER_PAGE:i);
		if (head == NULL)
			head = pp;
		else
			walk->next = pp;

		walk = pp;
		if (copy_from_user(pp->entries, ufds + nfds-i, 
				sizeof(struct pollfd)*pp->len)) {
			err = -EFAULT;
			goto out_fds;
		}
		i -= pp->len;
	}
	fdcount = do_poll(nfds, head, &table, timeout);

	/* OK, now copy the revents fields back to user space. */
	walk = head;
	err = -EFAULT;
	while(walk != NULL) {
		struct pollfd *fds = walk->entries;
		int j;

		for (j=0; j < walk->len; j++, ufds++) {
			if(__put_user(fds[j].revents, &ufds->revents))
				goto out_fds;
		}
		walk = walk->next;
  	}
	err = fdcount;
	if (!fdcount && signal_pending(current))
		err = -EINTR;
out_fds:
	walk = head;
	while(walk!=NULL) {
		struct poll_list *pp = walk->next;
		kfree(walk);
		walk = pp;
	}
	poll_freewait(&table);
	return err;
}

do_poll

static int do_poll(unsigned int nfds,  struct poll_list *list,
			struct poll_wqueues *wait, long timeout)
{
	int count = 0;
	poll_table* pt = &wait->pt;

	if (!timeout)
		pt = NULL;
 
	for (;;) {
		struct poll_list *walk;
		set_current_state(TASK_INTERRUPTIBLE);
		walk = list;
		while(walk != NULL) {
			do_pollfd( walk->len, walk->entries, &pt, &count);
			walk = walk->next;
		}
		pt = NULL;
		if (count || !timeout || signal_pending(current))
			break;
		count = wait->error;
		if (count)
			break;
		timeout = schedule_timeout(timeout);
	}
	__set_current_state(TASK_RUNNING);
	return count;
}

do_pollfd

static void do_pollfd(unsigned int num, struct pollfd * fdpage,
	poll_table ** pwait, int *count)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < num; i++) {
		int fd;
		unsigned int mask;
		struct pollfd *fdp;

		mask = 0;
		fdp = fdpage+i;
		fd = fdp->fd;
		if (fd >= 0) {
			struct file * file = fget(fd);
			mask = POLLNVAL;
			if (file != NULL) {
				mask = DEFAULT_POLLMASK;
				if (file->f_op && file->f_op->poll)
					mask = file->f_op->poll(file, *pwait);
				mask &= fdp->events | POLLERR | POLLHUP;
				fput(file);
			}
			if (mask) {
				*pwait = NULL;
				(*count)++;
			}
		}
		fdp->revents = mask;
	}
}

• select 函数的声明比较复杂，有read，write，excpect 等参数，而poll直接封装到一个参数中了，比较优雅。
• select 中内核操作使用数组，poll使用链表，因为数组需要连续的空间，而内核中的连续内存比较昂贵。
• select和poll都需要自己遍历所有的FD集合，就算没有事件过来也需要遍历，造成资源的浪费；

epoll

关键函数

• epoll_create：创建epfd，eventpoll，并设置一些VFS相关的操作，例如：file的f_op的函数指针。
• epoll_clt: fd的CRUD操作，函数比较复杂，涉及比较多结构转化，回调函数的操作等。
• epoll_wait: 等待eventpoll的rdllist集合中是否有准备好的事件的FD。

tip epoll_clt函数部分结构图，可以自行进行分析。

总结

从传统IO到多路复用是操作系统IO模型的变化，像JAVA提供的NIO不过是对操作系统提供多路复用进行封装而已，所以一个很重要的观念是操作系统提供什么，上层就只能使用什么。

tip: 上面源码基于 redis-2.6，linux-2.6