Hadoop权威指南——之伪分布模式环境部署。

借鉴Hadoop官网说明：

环境说明：

Hadoop版本：1.0.3. 

JDK：1.6.0_27

Ubuntu12.04

Purpose

This document describes how to set up and configure a single-node Hadoop installation so that you can quickly perform simple operations using Hadoop MapReduce and the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS).

Prerequisites

Supported Platforms

• GNU/Linux is supported as a development and production platform. Hadoop has been demonstrated on GNU/Linux clusters with 2000 nodes.
• Win32 is supported as a development platform. Distributed operation has not been well tested on Win32, so it is not supported as a production platform.

Required Software

Required software for Linux and Windows include:

1. Java^TM 1.6.x, preferably from Sun, must be installed.
2. ssh must be installed and sshd must be running to use the Hadoop scripts that manage remote Hadoop daemons.

Installing Software

If your cluster doesn't have the requisite software you will need to install it.

For example on Ubuntu Linux:

$ sudo apt-get install ssh 

Download

To get a Hadoop distribution, download a recent stable release from one of the Apache Download Mirrors.

Prepare to Start the Hadoop Cluster

Unpack the downloaded Hadoop distribution. In the distribution, edit the file conf/hadoop-env.sh to define at least JAVA_HOME to be the root of your Java installation.--记住要编辑hadoop-env.sh文本

Try the following command:
$ bin/hadoop 
This will display the usage documentation for the hadoop script.

Now you are ready to start your Hadoop cluster in one of the three supported modes:

• Local (Standalone) Mode--标准模式
• Pseudo-Distributed Mode--伪分布模式
• Fully-Distributed Mode--集群式

Standalone Operation

By default, Hadoop is configured to run in a non-distributed mode, as a single Java process. This is useful for debugging.

The following example copies the unpacked conf directory to use as input and then finds and displays every match of the given regular expression. Output is written to the given output directory. 
$ mkdir input 
$ cp conf/*.xml input 
$ bin/hadoop jar hadoop-examples-*.jar grep input output 'dfs[a-z.]+' 
$ cat output/*

下面开始介绍伪分布的环境部署

Pseudo-Distributed Operation

Hadoop can also be run on a single-node in a pseudo-distributed mode where each Hadoop daemon runs in a separate Java process.

Configuration--编辑3个配置文件core-site.xml,hdfs-site.xml,mapred-site.xml

Use the following: 

conf/core-site.xml:

<configuration>
     <property>
         <name>fs.default.name</name>
         <value>hdfs://localhost:9000</value>
     </property>
</configuration>

conf/hdfs-site.xml:

<configuration>
     <property>
         <name>dfs.replication</name>
         <value>1</value>
     </property>
</configuration>

conf/mapred-site.xml:

<configuration>
     <property>
         <name>mapred.job.tracker</name>
         <value>localhost:9001</value>
     </property>
</configuration>

Setup passphraseless ssh --确保用户能ssh到本地主机，并不输入密码即可登录

Now check that you can ssh to the localhost without a passphrase:
$ ssh localhost  --测试是否登入，如果成功则无需键入密码

If you cannot ssh to localhost without a passphrase, execute the following commands:--如果上面不成功，则基于空口令创建一个新ssh密匙，以启用无密码登录
$ ssh-keygen -t dsa -P '' -f ~/.ssh/id_dsa 
$ cat ~/.ssh/id_dsa.pub >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys

Execution

Format a new distributed-filesystem:--格式化HDFS文件系统
$ bin/hadoop namenode -format

Start the hadoop daemons:--开启hadoop守护进程
$ bin/start-all.sh

The hadoop daemon log output is written to the ${HADOOP_LOG_DIR} directory (defaults to ${HADOOP_HOME}/logs).

Browse the web interface for the NameNode and the JobTracker; by default they are available at:

• NameNode - http://localhost:50070/
• JobTracker - http://localhost:50030/

Copy the input files into the distributed filesystem:--开始测试，先输入需要分析到内容，现在是将hadoop目录下的conf目录做为输入源
$ bin/hadoop fs -put conf input

Run some of the examples provided:--开始执行下面的命令
$ bin/hadoop jar hadoop-examples-*.jar grep input output 'dfs[a-z.]+'

Examine the output files:

Copy the output files from the distributed filesystem to the local filesytem and examine them:
$ bin/hadoop fs -get output output 
$ cat output/*

or

View the output files on the distributed filesystem:--通过下面到方式查看运行结果
$ bin/hadoop fs -cat output/*

When you're done, stop the daemons with:--关闭守护进程
$ bin/stop-all.sh