Singleton
单件模式的使用意图就是:保证一个类仅有一个实例,并提供一个该实例全局的访问点.
在很多操作中,比如建立目录 数据库连接都需要这样的单线程操作。还有singleton能够被状态化;
这样,多个单态类在一起就可以作为一个状态仓库一样向外提供服务,比如,你要论坛中的帖子计数器,每次浏览一次需要计数,单态类能否保持住这个计数,并且能synchronize的安全自动加1,如果你要把这个数字永久保存到数据库,你可以在不修改单态接口的情况下方便的做到。
另外方面,Singleton也能够被无状态化。提供工具性质的功能, Singleton模式就为我们提供了这样实现的可能。使用Singleton的好处还在于可以节省内存,因为它限制了实例的个数,有利于Java垃圾回收(garbage collection)。
我们常常看到工厂模式中类装入器(class loader)中也用Singleton模式实现的,因为被装入的类实际也属于资源。
现在来看一下应用.常用有如下两种形式,
(一)
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(二)
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在单线程的情况下,(一),(二)可以较好的实现单例功能,然而在多线程时,可能会产生多个对象,如:
# Thread 1 访问 getInstance() ,检测到 instance == null //1.
# Thread 1 执行到2,且尚未执行结束. //2.
# 这时如果刚好有另一进程Thread 2访问getInstance(),并且也检测到了
instance == null. //1.
# 那么当Thread 1 生成一个实例之后,Thread 2也会生成一个实例. //2.
因而在多线程状态下要加上同步控制,如下:
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测试如下:
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结果如下:
--------sc1==sc2-----------
------sc1.equals(sc2)-------
--------s1==s2-----------
------s1.equals(s2)-------
--------obj==sa-----------
------obj.equals(sa)-------
------sc1.equals(sc2)-------
--------s1==s2-----------
------s1.equals(s2)-------
--------obj==sa-----------
------obj.equals(sa)-------
由此可以看出,单件模式实际上是控制对象创造过程来控制对象的创造个数的方法,单例子模式是只允许创建一个,我们可以对其进行扩展,让他只生成几个对象,这样可以实现对象池。