python 元类与数据描述符

学习完了python中元类编程与数据描述符一章节，写一个demo记录学习成果。下面是一个简单的ORM模型。数据描述符还算是可以理解。就元类传递参数有__init__，new__以及__prepare。理解代码首先了解基本原理：

1. __new__方法的返回值就是类的实例对象，这个实例对象会传递给 init 方法中定义的 self 参数，以便实例对象可以被正确地初始化。可以知道本例中如何使用type.__new__方法创建user对象的，Filed = type('Filed', (object,), {})。
2. 元类基本作用：拦截类的创建，修改类，返回修改之后的类
3. 也可以使用super().init(name, bases, dic)代替super().new(cls, name, bases, dic)。

class MyMetaClass(type):
    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dic):
        if name == 'BaseModule':
            return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dic)

        fileds = {}
        for key , value in dic.items():
            if isinstance(value, Filed):
                fileds.update({key:value})

        meta_name = dic.get('Meta', None)
        if meta_name is not None:
            db_table = getattr(meta_name, 'db_table')

        else:
            db_table = name.lower()

        dic['db_table'] = db_table
        dic['fileds'] = fileds
        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dic)


Filed = type('Filed', (object,), {})

class IntFiled(Filed):
    def __init__(self, name, max, min):
        self.storage_name = name
        self.max = max
        self.min = min

    def __get__(self, instance, owner):
        return instance.__dict__[self.storage_name]

    def __set__(self, instance, value):
        if not isinstance(value, int):
            raise TypeError('value must be int')

        if not(value > self.max or value < self.min):
            raise TypeError('value must be in range {} and {}'.format(self.min, self.max))

        instance.__dict__[self.storage_name] = value


class BaseModule(metaclass=MyMetaClass):
    def __init__(self,**kwargs):

  #      for key, value in kwargs.items():
   #         setattr(self, key, value)

        super().__init__()


class User(BaseModule):
    age = IntFiled('age', 1, 100)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'user'


user = User(age =20)
user.age = 10
print(user.age)

元类的单例模式：

class Singleton(type):
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if not hasattr(cls, '_instance'):
            cls._instance = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instance


class Foo(metaclass=Singleton):
    pass


foo1 = Foo()
foo2 = Foo()

print(id(foo1))
print(id(foo2))