kubernetes(二)--快速应用入门

基本命令使用

1、kubectl describe
描述某个节点的

[root@master ~]# kubectl describe node master

2、kubectl cluster-info
获取集群的信息

[root@master ~]# kubectl cluster-info
Kubernetes master is running at https://10.10.20.207:6443
KubeDNS is running at https://10.10.20.207:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.

3、kubectl run
在pod中创建并运行特定的镜像。

[root@master ~]# kubectl run nginx-deploy --image=nginx:1.14-alpine --port=80 --replicas=1 --dry-run=true
Flag --replicas has been deprecated, has no effect and will be removed in the future.
W0525 12:32:18.194302  100893 helpers.go:549] --dry-run=true is deprecated (boolean value) and can be replaced with --dry-run=client.
pod/nginx-deploy created (dry run)

[root@master ~]# kubectl run nginx-deploy --image=nginx:1.14-alpine --port=80 --replicas=1 
Flag --replicas has been deprecated, has no effect and will be removed in the future.
pod/nginx-deploy created
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods -o wide
NAME           READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP           NODE    NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
nginx-deploy   1/1     Running   0          36m   10.244.2.2   node2   <none>           <none>


pod使用的网络接口名是cni0,在部署kubernetes指定的。通过上面的信息可以看出新创建的pod运行在node2节点上,查看node2的网络信息,其网段为10.244.2.0/24

[root@node2 ~]# ifconfig
cni0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 10.244.2.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 0.0.0.0
        inet6 fe80::9027:86ff:fe56:5df5  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 92:27:86:56:5d:f5  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 7  bytes 1174 (1.1 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 35  bytes 4542 (4.4 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0


在节点一上访问

[root@node1 ~]# curl 10.244.2.2
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

删除pod资源

[root@master ~]# kubectl delete pods nginx-deploy
pod "nginx-deploy" deleted

当我们删除这个pod后,Deployment会重新创建一个pod,该pod的ip就会变化。所以,我们使用pod ip或pod hostname访问是不合适的,我们需要提供一个固定ip及端口。service可以满足要求。

创建一个service

用法

[root@master ~]# kubectl expose --help
Expose a resource as a new Kubernetes service. 
Usage:
  kubectl expose (-f FILENAME | TYPE NAME) [--port=port] [--protocol=TCP|UDP] [--target-port=number-or-name]
[--name=name] [--external-ip=external-ip-of-service] [--type=type] [options]

创建service,默认是 CLUSTER-IP类型

[root@master ~]# kubectl expose pod nginx-deploy --name=nginx --port=80 --target-port=80 --protocol=TCP
service/nginx exposed

查看service信息,IP地址是10.107.39.26,是动态生成的,属于10.96.0.0/12网段。

[root@master ~]#  kubectl get svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1      <none>        443/TCP   3d23h
nginx        ClusterIP   10.107.39.26   <none>        80/TCP    68s

现在,我们就可以在节点上通过ip 10.107.39.26 访问,但是在集群外部无法访问。

[root@node1 ~]# curl 10.107.39.26
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

这类地址,更多时候是被pod客户端访问的。

因此我们创建一个pod客户端,来测试:

[root@master ~]# kubectl run client --image=busybox  -it 
If you don't see a command prompt, try pressing enter.
/ # cat /etc/resolv.conf 
nameserver 10.96.0.10
search default.svc.cluster.local svc.cluster.local cluster.local
options ndots:5
/ # 
 

查看pod的dns解析,发现nameserver是 10.96.0.10 。而这个ip正是coredns的service服务的ip。

[root@master ~]# kubectl get svc -n kube-system -o wide
NAME       TYPE        CLUSTER-IP   EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)         AGE       SELECTOR
kube-dns   ClusterIP   10.96.0.10   <none>        53/UDP,53/TCP   9h        k8s-app=kube-dns

在集群中,使用dig命令解析nginx这个service的IP地址。
注意,此处要加上default.svc.cluster.local这个域后缀,否则,它默认会搜索本机的搜素域,会导致无法解析。

[root@master ~]# dig -t A nginx.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10

; <<>> DiG 9.9.4-RedHat-9.9.4-50.el7 <<>> -t A nginx.default.svc.cluster.local @10.96.0.10
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 26811
;; flags: qr aa rd; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;nginx.default.svc.cluster.local. IN	A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
nginx.default.svc.cluster.local. 30 IN	A	10.107.39.26

;; Query time: 0 msec
;; SERVER: 10.96.0.10#53(10.96.0.10)
;; WHEN: 一 5月 25 15:32:21 CST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 107

此时,在busybox这个pod里,我们可以直接通过service的名称nginx 访问,而不是service的ip:port。

# busybox里
/ # wget nginx
Connecting to nginx (10.107.39.26:80)
saving to 'index.html'
index.html           100% |*****************************************************************************************************|   612  0:00:00 ETA
'index.html' saved
/ # wget -O - -q http://nginx:80 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
    body {
        width: 35em;
        margin: 0 auto;
        font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
    }
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>

<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>

<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>

注意:10.107.39.26是nginx的service的ip。

注意:coredns 也是以pod的形式运行的,因为pod再重新创建时IP地址不固定,所以coredns也需要创建一个service服务,即kube-dns地址为10.96.0.10

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide | grep coredns
coredns-7ff77c879f-5nrtt         1/1     Running   1          3d23h   10.244.0.5        master   <none>           <none>
coredns-7ff77c879f-wltqv         1/1     Running   1          3d23h   10.244.0.4        master   <none>           <none>

此时,我们人为将nginx的pod搞挂。

[root@master ~]# kubectl delete pod nginx-deploy-5b595999-z76bn
pod "nginx-deploy-5b595999-z76bn" deleted
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          8m
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running   0          4s

再次在busybox里面访问nginx

# busybox里
/ # wget -O - -q http://nginx:80 
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
nginx依旧可以访问。

可以通过如下命令,获取service后端的pod ip

[root@master ~]#  kubectl describe service nginx
Name:              nginx
Namespace:         default
Labels:            run=nginx-deploy
Annotations:       <none>
Selector:          run=nginx-deploy
Type:              ClusterIP
IP:                10.107.39.26
Port:              <unset>  80/TCP
TargetPort:        80/TCP
Endpoints:         10.244.1.3:80
Session Affinity:  None
Events:            <none>

动态修改

我们创建一个 myapp 的deployment

[root@master ~]# kubectl run myapp --image=ikubernetes/myapp:v1 --replicas=2 
deployment.apps/myapp created
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          17m
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h        1/1       Running   0          7s
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr        1/1       Running   0          7s
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running   0          8m
[root@master ~]# kubectl get deployment
NAME           DESIRED   CURRENT   UP-TO-DATE   AVAILABLE   AGE
myapp          2         2         2            2           28s
nginx-deploy   1         1         1            1           38m

创建一个 myapp-svc 的service

[root@master ~]# kubectl expose deployment myapp --name=myapp-svc --port=80 
service/myapp-svc exposed
[root@master ~]# kubectl get svc 
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)   AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1        <none>        443/TCP   9h
myapp-svc    ClusterIP   10.105.155.237   <none>        80/TCP    7s
nginx        ClusterIP   10.101.41.108    <none>        80/TCP    28m

这时候,在busybox pod里可以通过myapp-svc来访问

#  busybox pod里
# 10.244.1.17是pod的ip
/ # wget -O - -q 10.244.1.17
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
/ # wget -O - -q myapp-svc
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
/ # while true; do wget -O - -q myapp-svc/hostname.html; sleep 1;done
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h
可以发现,后端的pod会有两个。

动态修改
将deployment myapp的副本修改为5个。

[root@master ~]# kubectl scale --replicas=5 deployment myapp
deployment.extensions/myapp scaled
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          24m
myapp-848b5b879b-28crc        1/1       Running   0          6s
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h        1/1       Running   0          7m
myapp-848b5b879b-9dp4m        1/1       Running   0          6s
myapp-848b5b879b-g4pzd        1/1       Running   0          6s
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr        1/1       Running   0          7m
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running   0          16m

此时,在busybox pod里访问:

/ # while true; do wget -O - -q myapp-svc/hostname.html; sleep 1;done
myapp-848b5b879b-g4pzd   # 1
myapp-848b5b879b-9dp4m   # 2 
myapp-848b5b879b-9dp4m 
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr   # 3
myapp-848b5b879b-28crc   # 4
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h   # 5
myapp-848b5b879b-28crc
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h

缩减为3个

[root@master ~]# kubectl scale --replicas=3 deployment myapp
deployment.extensions/myapp scaled
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS        RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running       0          26m
myapp-848b5b879b-28crc        0/1       Terminating   0          2m
myapp-848b5b879b-4dz7h        1/1       Running       0          9m
myapp-848b5b879b-9dp4m        1/1       Running       0          2m
myapp-848b5b879b-g4pzd        0/1       Terminating   0          2m
myapp-848b5b879b-wjktr        1/1       Running       0          9m
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running       0          18m

滚动更新
现在更新pod的镜像

## 镜像的具体信息可以通过kubectl describe pod pod_name获取
[root@master ~]# kubectset image deployment myapp myapp=ikubernetes/myapp:v2
deployment.extensions/myapp image updated
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout status deployment myapp
Waiting for deployment "myapp" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for deployment "myapp" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for deployment "myapp" rollout to finish: 1 old replicas are pending termination...
Waiting for deployment "myapp" rollout to finish: 4 of 5 updated replicas are available...
deployment "myapp" successfully rolled out
在busybox pod上观察

Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

可以发现,会有一段时间v1和v2版本会共存,后续更新完毕后,所有pod版本都会变为v2版本。

回滚

可以直接修改image
也可以使用undo
master节点上执行undo

[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          34m
myapp-74c94dcb8c-5hflp        1/1       Running   0          3m
myapp-74c94dcb8c-6klpb        1/1       Running   0          3m
myapp-74c94dcb8c-gsrbj        1/1       Running   0          3m
myapp-74c94dcb8c-jfzzr        1/1       Running   0          3m
myapp-74c94dcb8c-p55sz        1/1       Running   0          3m
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running   0          26m
[root@master ~]# kubectl rollout undo deployment myapp
deployment.extensions/myapp
[root@master ~]# kubectl get pods
NAME                          READY     STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
client                        1/1       Running   0          36m
myapp-848b5b879b-5bvtk        1/1       Running   0          34s
myapp-848b5b879b-8dh6r        1/1       Running   0          33s
myapp-848b5b879b-dzsxq        1/1       Running   0          35s
myapp-848b5b879b-gbrqg        1/1       Running   0          35s
myapp-848b5b879b-vh4l9        1/1       Running   0          35s
nginx-deploy-5b595999-j6p8g   1/1       Running   0          28m

可以发现myapp的pod全部改变了。去busybox pod中查看:

Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v2 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

自动扩缩容: 依赖资源使用状态。

在集群外访问

修改svc myapp-svc

kubectl edit svc myapp-svc
# 将type: ClusterIP修改为 type: NodePort

然后,查看svc

[root@master ~]# kubectl get svc
NAME         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP      EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1       <none>        443/TCP        7d21h
myapp-svc    NodePort    10.110.73.139   <none>        80:30119/TCP   79m
nginx        ClusterIP   10.107.39.26    <none>        80/TCP         3d21h

发现myapp-svc绑定了30119端口。

在集群外部使用浏览器访问nodeIP:30724 就可以实现访问了(使用任意一个节点IP都可以)
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
在这里插入图片描述
命令行访问

[root@master ~]# curl http://192.168.147.133:30119
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
[root@master ~]# while true; do curl http://192.168.147.133:30119; sleep 2;done
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
^C
[root@master ~]# while true; do curl http://192.168.147.134:30119; sleep 1;done
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
[root@node1 network-scripts]# while true; do curl http://192.168.147.132:30119; sleep 1;done
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>
Hello MyApp | Version: v1 | <a href="hostname.html">Pod Name</a>

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