红黑树
- 大名鼎鼎的红黑树
红黑树(Red Black Tree) 是一种自平衡二叉查找树,是在计算机科学中用到的一种数据结构,典型的用途是实现关联数组。红黑树和AVL树类似,都是在进行插入和删除操作时通过特定操作保持二叉查找树的平衡,从而获得较高的查找性能。
它虽然是复杂的,但它的最坏情况运行时间也是非常良好的,并且在实践中是高效的: 它可以在O(log n)时间内做查找,插入和删除,这里的n 是树中元素的数目。 - 红黑树的五条基本性质
性质1. 节点是红色或黑色。
性质2. 根节点是黑色。
性质3 每个叶节点(NIL节点,空节点)是黑色的。
性质4 每个红色节点的两个子节点都是黑色。(从每个叶子到根的所有路径上不能有两个连续的红色节点)
性质5. 从任一节点到其每个叶子的所有路径都包含相同数目的黑色节点。
另一条性质是对于红黑树,任何不平衡都会在三次旋转内解决(优化过后的红黑树可以实现) - 具体代码实现
package AVLTree;
import SetBasicsAndBSTSet.FileOperation;
import java.util.ArrayList;
/**
* @ Description:AVL树的实现
* @ Date: Created in 15:27 23/07/2018
* @ Author: Anthony_Duan
*/
public class AVLTree<K extends Comparable<K>, V> {
private class Node {
public K key;
public V value;
public Node left, right;
public int height;
public Node(K key, V value) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
left = null;
right = null;
height = 1;
}
}
private Node root;
private int size;
public AVLTree() {
root = null;
size = 0;
}
public int getSize() {
return size;
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return size == 0;
}
public boolean isBST() {
ArrayList<K> keys = new ArrayList<>();
inOrder(root, keys);
for (int i = 1; i < keys.size(); i++) {
if (keys.get(i - 1).compareTo(keys.get(i)) > 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
private void inOrder(Node node, ArrayList<K> keys) {
if (node == null) {
return;
}
inOrder(node.left, keys);
keys.add(node.key);
inOrder(node.right, keys);
}
public boolean isBalanced() {
return isBalanced(root);
}
private boolean isBalanced(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return true;
}
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if (Math.abs(balanceFactor) > 1) {
return false;
}
return isBalanced(node.left) && isBalanced(node.right);
}
private int getHeight(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return 0;
}
return node.height;
}
private int getBalanceFactor(Node node) {
if (node == null) {
return 0;
}
return getHeight(node.left) - getHeight(node.right);
}
private Node rightRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.left;
Node T3 = x.right;
x.right = y;
y.left = T3;
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
private Node leftRotate(Node y) {
Node x = y.right;
Node T2 = x.left;
x.left = y;
y.right = T2;
y.height = Math.max(getHeight(y.left), getHeight(y.right)) + 1;
x.height = Math.max(getHeight(x.left), getHeight(x.right)) + 1;
return x;
}
public void add(K key, V value) {
root = add(root, key, value);
}
private Node add(Node node, K key, V value) {
if (node == null) {
size++;
return new Node(key, value);
}
if (key.compareTo(node.key) < 0) {
node.left = add(node.left, key, value);
} else if (key.compareTo(node.key) > 0)
node.right = add(node.right, key, value);
else
{
node.value = value;
}
node.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(node.left), getHeight(node.right));
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(node);
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) >= 0) {
return rightRotate(node);
}
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) <= 0) {
return leftRotate(node);
}
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(node.left) < 0) {
node.left = leftRotate(node.left);
return rightRotate(node);
}
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(node.right) > 0) {
node.right = rightRotate(node.right);
return leftRotate(node);
}
return node;
}
private Node getNode(Node node, K key) {
if (node == null) {
return null;
}
if (key.equals(node.key)) {
return node;
} else if (key.compareTo(node.key) < 0) {
return getNode(node.left, key);
} else
{
return getNode(node.right, key);
}
}
public boolean contains(K key) {
return getNode(root, key) != null;
}
public V get(K key) {
Node node = getNode(root, key);
return node == null ? null : node.value;
}
public void set(K key, V newValue) {
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if (node == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException(key + " doesn't exist!");
}
node.value = newValue;
}
private Node minimum(Node node) {
if (node.left == null) {
return node;
}
return minimum(node.left);
}
public V remove(K key) {
Node node = getNode(root, key);
if (node != null) {
root = remove(root, key);
return node.value;
}
return null;
}
private Node remove(Node node, K key) {
if (node == null) {
return null;
}
Node retNode;
if (key.compareTo(node.key) < 0) {
node.left = remove(node.left, key);
retNode = node;
} else if (key.compareTo(node.key) > 0) {
node.right = remove(node.right, key);
retNode = node;
} else {
if (node.left == null) {
Node rightNode = node.right;
node.right = null;
size--;
retNode = rightNode;
}
else if (node.right == null) {
Node leftNode = node.left;
node.left = null;
size--;
retNode = leftNode;
}
else {
Node successor = minimum(node.right);
successor.right = remove(node.right, successor.key);
successor.left = node.left;
node.left = node.right = null;
retNode = successor;
}
}
if (retNode == null) {
return null;
}
retNode.height = 1 + Math.max(getHeight(retNode.left), getHeight(retNode.right));
int balanceFactor = getBalanceFactor(retNode);
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.left) >= 0) {
return rightRotate(retNode);
}
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.right) <= 0) {
return leftRotate(retNode);
}
if (balanceFactor > 1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.left) < 0) {
retNode.left = leftRotate(retNode.left);
return rightRotate(retNode);
}
if (balanceFactor < -1 && getBalanceFactor(retNode.right) > 0) {
retNode.right = rightRotate(retNode.right);
return leftRotate(retNode);
}
return retNode;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Pride and Prejudice");
ArrayList<String> words = new ArrayList<>();
if (FileOperation.readFile("/Users/duanjiaxing/IdeaProjects/Data-Structure/data-structure/src/AVLTree/pride-and-prejudice.txt", words)) {
System.out.println("Total words: " + words.size());
AVLTree<String, Integer> map = new AVLTree<String, Integer>();
for (String word : words) {
if (map.contains(word)) {
map.set(word, map.get(word) + 1);
} else {
map.add(word, 1);
}
}
System.out.println("Total different words: " + map.getSize());
System.out.println("Frequency of PRIDE: " + map.get("pride"));
System.out.println("Frequency of PREJUDICE: " + map.get("prejudice"));
System.out.println("is BST : " + map.isBST());
System.out.println("is Balanced : " + map.isBalanced());
for (String word : words) {
map.remove(word);
if (!map.isBST() || !map.isBalanced()) {
throw new RuntimeException();
}
}
}
System.out.println();
}
}