一. 泛型概念的提出(为什么需要泛型)?
首先,我们看下下面这段简短的代码:
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 List list = new ArrayList();
5 list.add("qqyumidi");
6 list.add("corn");
7 list.add(100);
8
9 for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
10 String name = (String) list.get(i); // 1
11 System.out.println("name:" + name);
12 }
13 }
14 }
定义了一个List类型的集合,先向其中加入了两个字符串类型的值,随后加入一个Integer类型的值。这是完全允许的,因为此时list默认的类型为Object类型。在之后的循环中,由于忘记了之前在list中也加入了Integer类型的值或其他编码原因,很容易出现类似于//1中的错误。因为编译阶段正常,而运行时会出现“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常。因此,导致此类错误编码过程中不易发现。
在如上的编码过程中,我们发现主要存在两个问题:
1.当我们将一个对象放入集合中,集合不会记住此对象的类型,当再次从集合中取出此对象时,改对象的编译类型变成了Object类型,但其运行时类型任然为其本身类型。
2.因此,//1处取出集合元素时需要人为的强制类型转化到具体的目标类型,且很容易出现“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常。
那么有没有什么办法可以使集合能够记住集合内元素各类型,且能够达到只要编译时不出现问题,运行时就不会出现“java.lang.ClassCastException”异常呢?答案就是使用泛型。
二.什么是泛型?
泛型,即“参数化类型”。一提到参数,最熟悉的就是定义方法时有形参,然后调用此方法时传递实参。那么参数化类型怎么理解呢?顾名思义,就是将类型由原来的具体的类型参数化,类似于方法中的变量参数,此时类型也定义成参数形式(可以称之为类型形参),然后在使用/调用时传入具体的类型(类型实参)。
看着好像有点复杂,首先我们看下上面那个例子采用泛型的写法。
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4 /*
5 List list = new ArrayList();
6 list.add("qqyumidi");
7 list.add("corn");
8 list.add(100);
9 */
10
11 List<String> list = new ArrayList<String>();
12 list.add("qqyumidi");
13 list.add("corn");
14 //list.add(100); // 1 提示编译错误
15
16 for (int i = 0; i < list.size(); i++) {
17 String name = list.get(i); // 2
18 System.out.println("name:" + name);
19 }
20 }
21 }
采用泛型写法后,在//1处想加入一个Integer类型的对象时会出现编译错误,通过List<String>,直接限定了list集合中只能含有String类型的元素,从而在//2处无须进行强制类型转换,因为此时,集合能够记住元素的类型信息,编译器已经能够确认它是String类型了。
结合上面的泛型定义,我们知道在List<String>中,String是类型实参,也就是说,相应的List接口中肯定含有类型形参。且get()方法的返回结果也直接是此形参类型(也就是对应的传入的类型实参)。下面就来看看List接口的的具体定义:
1 public interface List<E> extends Collection<E> {
2
3 int size();
4
5 boolean isEmpty();
6
7 boolean contains(Object o);
8
9 Iterator<E> iterator();
10
11 Object[] toArray();
12
13 <T> T[] toArray(T[] a);
14
15 boolean add(E e);
16
17 boolean remove(Object o);
18
19 boolean containsAll(Collection<?> c);
20
21 boolean addAll(Collection<? extends E> c);
22
23 boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? extends E> c);
24
25 boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c);
26
27 boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c);
28
29 void clear();
30
31 boolean equals(Object o);
32
33 int hashCode();
34
35 E get(int index);
36
37 E set(int index, E element);
38
39 void add(int index, E element);
40
41 E remove(int index);
42
43 int indexOf(Object o);
44
45 int lastIndexOf(Object o);
46
47 ListIterator<E> listIterator();
48
49 ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index);
50
51 List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex);
52 }
我们可以看到,在List接口中采用泛型化定义之后,<E>中的E表示类型形参,可以接收具体的类型实参,并且此接口定义中,凡是出现E的地方均表示相同的接受自外部的类型实参。
自然的,ArrayList作为List接口的实现类,其定义形式是:
1 public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E>
2 implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {
3
4 public boolean add(E e) {
5 ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!
6 elementData[size++] = e;
7 return true;
8 }
9
10 public E get(int index) {
11 rangeCheck(index);
12 checkForComodification();
13 return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);
14 }
15
16 //...省略掉其他具体的定义过程
17
18 }
由此,我们从源代码角度明白了为什么//1处加入Integer类型对象编译错误,且//2处get()到的类型直接就是String类型了。
三.自定义泛型接口、泛型类和泛型方法
从上面的内容中,大家已经明白了泛型的具体运作过程。也知道了接口、类和方法也都可以使用泛型去定义,以及相应的使用。是的,在具体使用时,可以分为泛型接口、泛型类和泛型方法。
自定义泛型接口、泛型类和泛型方法与上述Java源码中的List、ArrayList类似。如下,我们看一个最简单的泛型类和方法定义:
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<String> name = new Box<String>("corn");
6 System.out.println("name:" + name.getData());
7 }
8
9 }
10
11 class Box<T> {
12
13 private T data;
14
15 public Box() {
16
17 }
18
19 public Box(T data) {
20 this.data = data;
21 }
22
23 public T getData() {
24 return data;
25 }
26
27 }
在泛型接口、泛型类和泛型方法的定义过程中,我们常见的如T、E、K、V等形式的参数常用于表示泛型形参,由于接收来自外部使用时候传入的类型实参。那么对于不同传入的类型实参,生成的相应对象实例的类型是不是一样的呢?
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<String> name = new Box<String>("corn");
6 Box<Integer> age = new Box<Integer>(712);
7
8 System.out.println("name class:" + name.getClass()); // com.qqyumidi.Box
9 System.out.println("age class:" + age.getClass()); // com.qqyumidi.Box
10 System.out.println(name.getClass() == age.getClass()); // true
11
12 }
13
14 }
由此,我们发现,在使用泛型类时,虽然传入了不同的泛型实参,但并没有真正意义上生成不同的类型,传入不同泛型实参的泛型类在内存上只有一个,即还是原来的最基本的类型(本实例中为Box),当然,在逻辑上我们可以理解成多个不同的泛型类型。
究其原因,在于Java中的泛型这一概念提出的目的,导致其只是作用于代码编译阶段,在编译过程中,对于正确检验泛型结果后,会将泛型的相关信息擦出,也就是说,成功编译过后的class文件中是不包含任何泛型信息的。泛型信息不会进入到运行时阶段。
对此总结成一句话:泛型类型在逻辑上看以看成是多个不同的类型,实际上都是相同的基本类型。
四.类型通配符
接着上面的结论,我们知道,Box<Number>和Box<Integer>实际上都是Box类型,现在需要继续探讨一个问题,那么在逻辑上,类似于Box<Number>和Box<Integer>是否可以看成具有父子关系的泛型类型呢?
为了弄清这个问题,我们继续看下下面这个例子:
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<Number> name = new Box<Number>(99);
6 Box<Integer> age = new Box<Integer>(712);
7
8 getData(name);
9
10 //The method getData(Box<Number>) in the type GenericTest is
11 //not applicable for the arguments (Box<Integer>)
12 getData(age); // 1
13
14 }
15
16 public static void getData(Box<Number> data){
17 System.out.println("data :" + data.getData());
18 }
19
20 }
我们发现,在代码//1处出现了错误提示信息:The method getData(Box<Number>) in the t ype GenericTest is not applicable for the arguments (Box<Integer>)。显然,通过提示信息,我们知道Box<Number>在逻辑上不能视为Box<Integer>的父类。那么,原因何在呢?
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<Integer> a = new Box<Integer>(712);
6 Box<Number> b = a; // 1
7 Box<Float> f = new Box<Float>(3.14f);
8 b.setData(f); // 2
9
10 }
11
12 public static void getData(Box<Number> data) {
13 System.out.println("data :" + data.getData());
14 }
15
16 }
17
18 class Box<T> {
19
20 private T data;
21
22 public Box() {
23
24 }
25
26 public Box(T data) {
27 setData(data);
28 }
29
30 public T getData() {
31 return data;
32 }
33
34 public void setData(T data) {
35 this.data = data;
36 }
37
38 }
这个例子中,显然//1和//2处肯定会出现错误提示的。在此我们可以使用反证法来进行说明。
假设Box<Number>在逻辑上可以视为Box<Integer>的父类,那么//1和//2处将不会有错误提示了,那么问题就出来了,通过getData()方法取出数据时到底是什么类型呢?Integer? Float? 还是Number?且由于在编程过程中的顺序不可控性,导致在必要的时候必须要进行类型判断,且进行强制类型转换。显然,这与泛型的理念矛盾,因此,在逻辑上Box<Number>不能视为Box<Integer>的父类。
好,那我们回过头来继续看“类型通配符”中的第一个例子,我们知道其具体的错误提示的深层次原因了。那么如何解决呢?总部能再定义一个新的函数吧。这和Java中的多态理念显然是违背的,因此,我们需要一个在逻辑上可以用来表示同时是Box<Integer>和Box<Number>的父类的一个引用类型,由此,类型通配符应运而生。
类型通配符一般是使用 ? 代替具体的类型实参。注意了,此处是类型实参,而不是类型形参!且Box<?>在逻辑上是Box<Integer>、Box<Number >...等所有Box<具体类型实参>的父类。由此,我们依然可以定义泛型方法,来完成此类需求。
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<String> name = new Box<String>("corn");
6 Box<Integer> age = new Box<Integer>(712);
7 Box<Number> number = new Box<Number>(314);
8
9 getData(name);
10 getData(age);
11 getData(number);
12 }
13
14 public static void getData(Box<?> data) {
15 System.out.println("data :" + data.getData());
16 }
17
18 }
有时候,我们还可能听到类型通配符上限和类型通配符下限 。具体有是怎么样的呢?
在上面的例子中,如果需要定义一个功能类似于getData()的方法,但对类型实参又有进一步的限制:只能是Number类及其子类。此时,需要用到类型通配符上限。
1 public class GenericTest {
2
3 public static void main(String[] args) {
4
5 Box<String> name = new Box<String>("corn");
6 Box<Integer> age = new Box<Integer>(712);
7 Box<Number> number = new Box<Number>(314);
8
9 getData(name);
10 getData(age);
11 getData(number);
12
13 //getUpperNumberData(name); // 1
14 getUpperNumberData(age); // 2
15 getUpperNumberData(number); // 3
16 }
17
18 public static void getData(Box<?> data) {
19 System.out.println("data :" + data.getData());
20 }
21
22 public static void getUpperNumberData(Box<? extends Number> data){
23 System.out.println("data :" + data.getData());
24 }
25
26 }
此时,显然,在代码//1处调用将出现错误提示,而//2 //3处调用正常。
类型通配符上限通过形如Box<? extends Number>形式定义, 相对应的,类型通配符下限为Box<? super Number>形式,其含义与类型通配符上限正好相反 ,在此不作过多阐述了。
五.话外篇
本文中的例子主要是为了阐述泛型中的一些思想而简单举出的,并不一定有着实际的可用性。另外,一提到泛型,相信大家用到最多的就是在集合中,其实,在实际的编程过程中,自己可以使用泛型去简化开发,且能很好的保证代码质量。并且还要注意的一点是,Java中没有所谓的泛型数组一说。
对于泛型,最主要的还是需要理解其背后的思想和目的。
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笔者水平有限,若有错漏,欢迎指正,如果转载以及CV操作,请务必注明出处,谢谢!
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<div class="postDesc">posted @ <span id="post-date">2014-07-12 23:39</span> <a href="https://www.cnblogs.com/lwbqqyumidi/">Windstep</a> 阅读(<span id="post_view_count">538176</span>) 评论(<span id="post_comment_count">99</span>) <a href="https://i.cnblogs.com/EditPosts.aspx?postid=3837629" rel="nofollow">编辑</a> <a href="#" onclick="AddToWz(3837629);return false;">收藏</a></div>
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一百零七个 mark, java 泛型~
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<a href="#3613059" class="layer">#62楼</a><a name="3613059" id="comment_anchor_3613059"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-02-06 23:02</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3613059" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/cyfonly/" target="_blank">cyfonly</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/cyfonly" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3613059" class="blog_comment_body">足够浅出,思路清晰,易懂。希望作者再来一篇深入的。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3613059,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3613059,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3613059_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/897247/20160522165816.png</span>
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<a href="#3613517" class="layer">#63楼</a><a name="3613517" id="comment_anchor_3613517"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-02-07 15:31</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3613517" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/roy-blog/" target="_blank">xdxxdx</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/xdxxdx" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3626459" class="layer">#64楼</a><a name="3626459" id="comment_anchor_3626459"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-02-25 18:13</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3626459" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1043228/" target="_blank">望雪</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%9C%9B%E9%9B%AA" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3626459" class="blog_comment_body">这么抽象的东西,看了一遍竟然没看懂。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3626459,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3626459,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3626677" class="layer">#65楼</a><a name="3626677" id="comment_anchor_3626677"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-02-26 10:34</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3626677" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1113645/" target="_blank">yansensensen</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/yansensensen" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3626677" class="blog_comment_body">看了一遍就看懂了,通俗易懂,厉害</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3626677,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3626677,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3634106" class="layer">#66楼</a><a name="3634106" id="comment_anchor_3634106"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-03-07 17:28</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3634106" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/zepx/" target="_blank">Zepx</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Zepx" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3634106" class="blog_comment_body">看完之后陷入江局了</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3634106,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3634106,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3634106_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/1119074/20170421092742.png</span>
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<a href="#3637112" class="layer">#67楼</a><a name="3637112" id="comment_anchor_3637112"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-03-10 15:47</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3637112" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/wscrlhs/" target="_blank">昼伏夜奔</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%98%BC%E4%BC%8F%E5%A4%9C%E5%A5%94" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3649334" class="layer">#68楼</a><a name="3649334" id="comment_anchor_3649334"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-03-23 11:40</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3649334" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/donghang/" target="_blank">donghang4</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/donghang4" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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我来也1010 转发什么意思啊,初级玩家表示不理解你的说法
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<a href="#3654742" class="layer">#69楼</a><a name="3654742" id="comment_anchor_3654742"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-03-29 15:47</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3654742" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/qingyan123/" target="_blank">颜如玉Token</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E9%A2%9C%E5%A6%82%E7%8E%89Token" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3654742" class="blog_comment_body">专门找回密码登录就为点个赞 鼓励鼓励!<br>良心好文 谢谢!</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3654742,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3654742,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3654742_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/621060/20161020103600.png</span>
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<a href="#3672177" class="layer">#70楼</a><a name="3672177" id="comment_anchor_3672177"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-04-19 22:53</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3672177" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1085322/" target="_blank">我就是东东1</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%88%91%E5%B0%B1%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%9C1" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3672177" class="blog_comment_body">感谢楼主</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3672177,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3672177,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3679229" class="layer">#71楼</a><a name="3679229" id="comment_anchor_3679229"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-04-28 10:55</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3679229" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/844632/" target="_blank">heroinqiao</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/heroinqiao" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3679229" class="blog_comment_body">public static <T> T getBean(Class<T> requiredType) {<br> assertContextInjected();<br> return applicationContext.getBean(requiredType);<br> }<br><br>问一下这个方法的返回值为什么是<T> T</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3679229,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3679229,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3685876" class="layer">#72楼</a><a name="3685876" id="comment_anchor_3685876"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-05-07 16:26</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3685876" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/yidaijiankuanzhongbuhui/" target="_blank">衣带渐宽终不悔</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%A1%A3%E5%B8%A6%E6%B8%90%E5%AE%BD%E7%BB%88%E4%B8%8D%E6%82%94" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3685876" class="blog_comment_body">由浅到深,很佩服作者。<br>但是这段代码是否有误:<br>5 Box<Integer> a = new Box<Integer>(712);<br> 6 Box<Number> b = a; // 1<br> 7 Box<Float> f = new Box<Float>(3.14f);<br> 8 b.setData(f); // 2<br><br>虽然setData()方法是使用泛型定义的,但是b.setData(f) 中的f 是一个Box类型的,</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3685876,'Digg',this)">支持(3)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3685876,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3685876_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/885267/20160731113734.png</span>
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<a href="#3692949" class="layer">#73楼</a><a name="3692949" id="comment_anchor_3692949"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-05-16 00:31</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3692949" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/531456/" target="_blank">鹏城</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E9%B9%8F%E5%9F%8E" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3692949" class="blog_comment_body">感觉开发过程中用的很少,但是在大神的代码框架中又很常见。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3692949,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3692949,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3722062" class="layer">#74楼</a><a name="3722062" id="comment_anchor_3722062"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-06-24 23:28</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3722062" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/zzzz76/" target="_blank">小z同学</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%B0%8Fz%E5%90%8C%E5%AD%A6" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3722062" class="blog_comment_body">我要打赏,打赏打赏,写的真好,妈蛋太赞了</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3722062,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3722062,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3722062_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/1039974/20170704152414.png</span>
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<a href="#3733570" class="layer">#75楼</a><a name="3733570" id="comment_anchor_3733570"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-07-12 14:28</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3733570" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/663459/" target="_blank">**安静**</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%2A%2A%E5%AE%89%E9%9D%99%2A%2A" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3733570" class="blog_comment_body">写的挺好,看完了,例子也运行了一遍,不过上限下限还没弄明白</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3733570,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3733570,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3741468" class="layer">#76楼</a><a name="3741468" id="comment_anchor_3741468"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-07-23 13:45</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3741468" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1176724/" target="_blank">阿凡提的小毛驴</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E9%98%BF%E5%87%A1%E6%8F%90%E7%9A%84%E5%B0%8F%E6%AF%9B%E9%A9%B4" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3741468" class="blog_comment_body">不错啦</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3741468,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3741468,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3742123" class="layer">#77楼</a><a name="3742123" id="comment_anchor_3742123"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-07-24 14:36</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3742123" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/yjwang11/" target="_blank">蜗牛都甩掉</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%9C%97%E7%89%9B%E9%83%BD%E7%94%A9%E6%8E%89" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3745490" class="layer">#78楼</a><a name="3745490" id="comment_anchor_3745490"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-07-28 11:49</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3745490" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/xiaolei1004/" target="_blank">小磊Java</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%B0%8F%E7%A3%8AJava" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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netwelfare 找不到全部的。。里面有几个链接无法点进去
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<a href="#3750163" class="layer">#79楼</a><a name="3750163" id="comment_anchor_3750163"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-08-03 19:54</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3750163" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/benxi/" target="_blank">倍加珍兮</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%80%8D%E5%8A%A0%E7%8F%8D%E5%85%AE" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3750163" class="blog_comment_body">public interface DaoImp<E> {<br> Collection<E> select();<br> void delete(String str);<br> void insert(E u);<br> void update(E u,String name);<br>}<br>public class UserDao implements DaoImp<User>{<br> DBConnection db = new MysqlConnection();<br> @Override<br> public HashSet<User> select() {<br> // TODO Auto-generated method stub<br> Connection conn = db.getConnection();<br> HashSet<User> list = new HashSet<User>();<br> try {<br> String sql = "select * from User";<br> PreparedStatement ps = conn.prepareStatement(sql);<br> ResultSet rs = ps.executeQuery();<br> while(rs.next()){<br> User u = new User();<br> u.setName(rs.getString("name"));<br> u.setPassword(rs.getString("password"));<br> list.add(u);<br> }<br> } catch (SQLException e) {<br> // TODO Auto-generated catch block<br> e.printStackTrace();<br> }finally{<br> db.closeConnection(conn);<br> }<br> return list;<br> }<br>。。。。。。下面省略<br>class Manger{<br> private Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);<br> private DaoImp<User> udi = new UserDao();<br> private DaoImp<Goods> gdi = new GoodsDao();<br> private DaoImp<phone> pdi = new phoneDao();<br> public void denglu(){<br> System.out.println("欢迎登陆系统!");<br> System.out.println("请输入用户名:");<br> String userName = sc.next();<br> System.out.println("请输入密码:");<br> String password = sc.next();<br>HashSet<User> list = udi.select();<br> boolean bool = false;<br> for (User user : list) {<br> if(user.getName().equals(userName)&&user.getPassword().equals(password)){<br> bool = true;<br> System.out.println("登陆成功!");<br> break;<br> }<br> }<br> if(bool)<br> emun();<br> else{<br> System.out.println("登陆失败!返回");<br> index();<br> }<br> }</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3750163,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3750163,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3753261" class="layer">#80楼</a><a name="3753261" id="comment_anchor_3753261"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-08-08 21:12</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3753261" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/s3abiscuit/" target="_blank">s3abiscuit</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/s3abiscuit" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3753261" class="blog_comment_body">思路很清晰,懂了</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3753261,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3753261,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3753261_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/1166062/20170731165151.png</span>
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<a href="#3783157" class="layer">#81楼</a><a name="3783157" id="comment_anchor_3783157"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-09-13 15:16</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3783157" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1225780/" target="_blank">Captain_rain</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Captain_rain" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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heroinqiao引用 public static <T> T getBean(Class<T> requiredType) { assertContextInjected(); return applicationContext.getBean(requiredType); } 问一下这个方法的返回值为什么是<T> T 因为你自己定义的啊,static 后面你自己不是定义了类型吗
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<a href="#3798093" class="layer">#82楼</a><a name="3798093" id="comment_anchor_3798093"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-09-27 10:43</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3798093" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/cyfonly/" target="_blank">cyfonly</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/cyfonly" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3798093" class="blog_comment_body">good</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3798093,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3798093,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_3798093_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/897247/20160522165816.png</span>
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<a href="#3800580" class="layer">#83楼</a><a name="3800580" id="comment_anchor_3800580"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-09-29 16:09</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3800580" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1233893/" target="_blank">越兮</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%B6%8A%E5%85%AE" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3800580" class="blog_comment_body">可以可以,值得一看</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3800580,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3800580,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3808145" class="layer">#84楼</a><a name="3808145" id="comment_anchor_3808145"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-10-12 10:55</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3808145" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1178429/" target="_blank">Amanduzhuojiang</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/Amanduzhuojiang" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3808145" class="blog_comment_body">Nice!</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3808145,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3808145,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#3830760" class="layer">#85楼</a><a name="3830760" id="comment_anchor_3830760"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-11-04 12:04</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3830760" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1272331/" target="_blank">瞅一眼</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E7%9E%85%E4%B8%80%E7%9C%BC" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3834661" class="layer">#86楼</a><a name="3834661" id="comment_anchor_3834661"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-11-08 12:04</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3834661" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1266738/" target="_blank">wwx_man</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/wwx_man" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_3834661" class="blog_comment_body">一般来说,因为所有类都继承object,所以在实现某个,比如说一个能够接受各种类型的参数就设为object,但取值的时候就得转换类型,但现在有了泛型就可以省去转换类型这一步骤,并且达到和用object一样的作用,还不用转换,简便开发。</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(3834661,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(3834661,'Bury',this)">反对(2)</a></div>
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<a href="#3846523" class="layer">#87楼</a><a name="3846523" id="comment_anchor_3846523"></a> <span class="comment_date">2017-11-21 16:09</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3846523" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/publicmain/" target="_blank">publicmain</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/publicmain" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<a href="#3922523" class="layer">#88楼</a><a name="3922523" id="comment_anchor_3922523"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-03-14 11:39</span> <a id="a_comment_author_3922523" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1024865/" target="_blank">棠棠汤</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%A3%A0%E6%A3%A0%E6%B1%A4" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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七月流火嗞嗞嗞 通俗易懂,赞(≧▽≦)/
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<a href="#4001202" class="layer">#89楼</a><a name="4001202" id="comment_anchor_4001202"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-06-19 22:59</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4001202" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/baxianhua/" target="_blank">筱筱的春天</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E7%AD%B1%E7%AD%B1%E7%9A%84%E6%98%A5%E5%A4%A9" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4001202" class="blog_comment_body">public class ArrayList<E> extends AbstractList<E> <br> implements List<E>, RandomAccess, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable {<br> <br> public boolean add(E e) {<br> ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!!<br> elementData[size++] = e;<br> return true;<br> }<br> <br> public E get(int index) {<br> rangeCheck(index);<br> checkForComodification();<br> return ArrayList.this.elementData(offset + index);<br> }<br> <br> //...省略掉其他具体的定义过程<br><br>}<br><br><br>由此,我们从源代码角度明白了为什么//1处加入Integer类型对象编译错误,且//2处get()到的类型直接就是String类型了。<br><br>我基础太薄弱,没看懂上面这些源代码,能不能用浅显易懂的文字给翻译一下</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4001202,'Digg',this)">支持(1)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4001202,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4007699" class="layer">#90楼</a><a name="4007699" id="comment_anchor_4007699"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-06-28 14:19</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4007699" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1178738/" target="_blank">恶文</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%81%B6%E6%96%87" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4007699" class="blog_comment_body">牛!!</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4007699,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4007699,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4019653" class="layer">#91楼</a><a name="4019653" id="comment_anchor_4019653"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-07-13 13:59</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4019653" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1438512/" target="_blank">With_Her</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/With_Her" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4019653" class="blog_comment_body">当Box age=new Box(123);时,这里没有定义泛型,那么编译的时候,应该是默认取得Int类型吧?</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4019653,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4019653,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4031396" class="layer">#92楼</a><a name="4031396" id="comment_anchor_4031396"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-07-29 23:52</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4031396" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1409260/" target="_blank">ME95ZZ</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/ME95ZZ" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4031396" class="blog_comment_body">mark</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4031396,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4031396,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4039183" class="layer">#93楼</a><a name="4039183" id="comment_anchor_4039183"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-08-09 14:56</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4039183" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/glensblog/" target="_blank">MayIDoBetter</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/MayIDoBetter" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4039183" class="blog_comment_body">mark怎么写</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4039183,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4039183,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_4039183_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/662511/20170731094326.png</span>
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<a href="#4054476" class="layer">#94楼</a><a name="4054476" id="comment_anchor_4054476"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-08-30 17:32</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4054476" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/qingo00o/" target="_blank">是阿青啊</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E6%98%AF%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%92%E5%95%8A" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4054476" class="blog_comment_body">我他妈的赞赞赞!!!</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4054476,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4054476,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_4054476_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/1224615/20180502222224.png</span>
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<a href="#4071329" class="layer">#95楼</a><a name="4071329" id="comment_anchor_4071329"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-09-19 15:44</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4071329" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1466375/" target="_blank">白鲟</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E7%99%BD%E9%B2%9F" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4071329" class="blog_comment_body">似懂非懂,还需实践</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4071329,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4071329,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4078245" class="layer">#96楼</a><a name="4078245" id="comment_anchor_4078245"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-09-27 17:50</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4078245" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/bobobo1/" target="_blank">田然汤粉</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E7%94%B0%E7%84%B6%E6%B1%A4%E7%B2%89" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4078245" class="blog_comment_body">懂,买了佛冷</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4078245,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4078245,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div><span id="comment_4078245_avatar" style="display:none;">http://pic.cnblogs.com/face/1436539/20180707031139.png</span>
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<a href="#4079679" class="layer">#97楼</a><a name="4079679" id="comment_anchor_4079679"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-09-29 11:38</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4079679" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/guangsu/" target="_blank">光速</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E5%85%89%E9%80%9F" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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衣带渐宽终不悔 这里的setDate(f)中不能用f.
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<a href="#4123606" class="layer">#98楼</a><a name="4123606" id="comment_anchor_4123606"></a> <span class="comment_date">2018-11-27 10:48</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4123606" href="https://www.cnblogs.com/tianpeirong/" target="_blank">田培融</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E7%94%B0%E5%9F%B9%E8%9E%8D" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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<div id="comment_body_4123606" class="blog_comment_body">有用!</div><div class="comment_vote"><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_digg" onclick="return voteComment(4123606,'Digg',this)">支持(0)</a><a href="javascript:void(0);" class="comment_bury" onclick="return voteComment(4123606,'Bury',this)">反对(0)</a></div>
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<a href="#4124269" class="layer">#99楼</a><a name="4124269" id="comment_anchor_4124269"></a><span id="comment-maxId" style="display:none;">4124269</span><span id="comment-maxDate" style="display:none;">2018/11/27 20:08:50</span> <span class="comment_date">2018-11-27 20:08</span> <a id="a_comment_author_4124269" href="http://home.cnblogs.com/u/1542858/" target="_blank">越老越中二</a> <a href="http://msg.cnblogs.com/send/%E8%B6%8A%E8%80%81%E8%B6%8A%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%8C" title="发送站内短消息" class="sendMsg2This"> </a>
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