面试题之一。
def func1(p):
p = p + [1]
def func2(p):
p += [1]
p1 = [1,2,3]
p2 = [1,2,3]
func1(p1)
func2(p2)
print p1
print p2
结果:
我以为像这种传参作为局部变量,因为都不会影响外部的list,所以答案应该是p1 =[1,2,3] ,p2=[1,2,3],然而
>>>
[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 1]
>>>
x = [1,2,3]
def func(x):
print "local! original x = ",x
x = [1]
print "local! now x = ",x
func(x)
print "global! x = ",x
结果:
local! original x = [1, 2, 3]
local! now x = [1]
global! x = [1, 2, 3]
没错啊,我还记得要用全局变量得加global x 之类的语句呢。
为了保险起见,加一个id(),查查看对象是不是同一个先:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func(x):
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x = [1]
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func(x)
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46798728
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46798728
in func(), local! now x = [1] id(x) = 46789512
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46798728
恩,可以看到,全局变量中的id(x) = 46798728,x进到func()中,因为执行了x = [1],才变成id(x) = 46789512。(合情合理)
这也说明python的确是传引用入函数。(然并卵)
利用id(x),查看下x = x + [1]对象是怎么变化的吧:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func(x):
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x = x + [1]
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func(x)
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46339976
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46339976
in func(), local! now x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 46390664
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46339976
啊,x = x + [1],是新建了一个对象,id(x) = 46390664。
利用id(x),查看下x += [1]对象是怎么变化的吧:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func(x):
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x += [1]
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func(x)
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46536584
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 46536584
in func(), local! now x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 46536584
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 46536584
啊,id(x)全程一样,x += [1],python直接就在原对象上操作,还真是够懒的说。
利用id(x),查看下x.append([1])对象时如何变化的吧:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func(x):
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x.append([1])
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func(x)
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 47191944
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 47191944
in func(), local! now x = [1, 2, 3, [1]] id(x) = 47191944
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3, [1]] id(x) = 47191944
啊,id(x)全程一样,看来list的属性方法都是在原对象上操作的吧,我记得list.sort()也是,待会要验证的list.extend()估计也是。
利用id(x),查看下x.extend([1])对象时如何变化的吧:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func(x):
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x.extend([1])
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func(x)
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 48437128
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 48437128
in func(), local! now x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 48437128
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 48437128
果然id(x)全程一样。
话说list.append()是追加,extend()是拓展,他们的区别大概就是:
>>> a = [1,2,3]
>>> b = [4,5,6]
>>> c = [7,8,9]
>>> a.append(b)
>>> a
[1, 2, 3, [4, 5, 6]]
>>> c.extend(b)
>>> c
[7, 8, 9, 4, 5, 6]
>>>
看了上面的几段代码,聪明的你应该也能看出来:
list1 += list2 等价于 list1.extend(list2),这是证据:
源代码地址:http://svn.python.org/view/python/trunk/Objects/listobject.c?view=markup
913 static PyObject *
914 list_inplace_concat(PyListObject *self, PyObject *other)
915 {
916 PyObject *result;
917
918 result = listextend(self, other); //+=果然用了listextend()
919 if (result == NULL)
920 return result;
921 Py_DECREF(result);
922 Py_INCREF(self);
923 return (PyObject *)self;
924 }
利用id(x),查看下global x下,对象的变化吧:
x = [1,2,3]
print "before func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
def func():
global x
print "in func(), local! original x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
x = x + [1]
print "in func(), local! now x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
func()
print "after func(), global! x = ",x,"id(x) = ",id(x)
结果:
before func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 47781768
in func(), local! original x = [1, 2, 3] id(x) = 47781768
in func(), local! now x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 47795720
after func(), global! x = [1, 2, 3, 1] id(x) = 47795720
啊,global就保证了,即使我的变量x在函数中指向对象变了,外部的x也会指向新的对象。
回到面试题:
def func1(p):
p = p + [1]
def func2(p):
p += [1]
p1 = [1,2,3]
p2 = [1,2,3]
func1(p1)
func2(p2)
print p1
print p2
p1传入func1(),因为+操作,生成一个新的对象,但没有return给外部的p1,所以外部的p1=[1,2,3]。
p2传入func2(),因为+=操作,就是list.extend(),操作,在原对象操作,所以p2=[1,2,3,1]。
吐槽下:
其实python在函数中参数是传引用的,如果一个对象obj进到函数中,被改变,那无论在哪里这个obj就是被改变了,并没有什么副本什么的。
那为什么有些时候看起来,函数中obj怎么被改变,外部的obj都岿然不动,啊,因为这个被改变后的obj不是原来的它了。比如x = x + [1],新的x真的是原来传进来的x吗?不是的。此时的x是新的对象了(看id就知道了),先前传进来的x,并没有被改变。
一点浅见,求打脸。
总结:
1、list + 创建一个新的对象。
2、list的 += 和 list.extend(),等价,都是在原对象上操作。
3、list.append(),也是在原对象上操作。
4、global,全局变量,嗯,不错(这算什么总结嘛)。