两个有序的数组中找第N个数

问题描述:
Give a divide and conquer algorithm for the following problem:
you are given two sorted lists of size m and n, and are allowed
unit time access to the ith element of each list. Give an O(lg m + lgn)
time algorithm for computing the kth largest element in the union of the  two lists. (For simplicity, you can assume that the elements of the
two lists are distinct).
问题分析:
1. 把 A 平均分为前后两个部分,前部分有 x 个元素,后部分有 n-x 个元素

(由于 A 是有序的,所以后一部分的所有元素大于前一部分)。A[x] = A的

后一部分的第一个元素。

2. 同理把 B 也平均分成前后两个部分,前部分有 y 个元素,后部分有 m-y 个元素。
B[y] = B的后一部分的第一个元素。

3. 由于两个数组都是被平均分割的,所以可以近似地认为 x = n/2, y = m/2。
这里不妨设 A[x] <= B[y](如果 A[x] > B[y] 处理过程和下面类似):


part1:
由于在 A 中,A[x] 前面有 x 个元素,在 B 中,B[y] 前面有 y 个元素,
并且又有 A[x] <= B[y],那么,合并以后,A[x]前面原来那些元素必然
也在B[y]前面,也就是说,B[y]前面至少会有 x + y 个元素,我们再规定
如果 A, B 中有相同元素,则合并后 A 中的元素排在 B 前面,那么归并
以后 A[x] 也会排在 B[y] 前面,于是乎合并之后 B[y] 至少有 x+y+1 个元素。


如果 k <= x+y+1,也就是说,合并后第 k 大的元素必然落在 B[y] 前面。
所以,原来在 B 数组中,第二部分(B[y]以及 B[y] 之后)那些元素都不可能
包含我们要找到内容(第 k 大元素),所以我们可以把他们排除掉。
这样就排除了 B 中一半的内容。
 

part2:
在 A 中,A[x] 及其后面有 n1-x 个元素,除去 A[x] 之后有 n-x-1 个元素,
B[y] 及其后面有 m-y 个元素。那么,由于 A[x] <= B[y],所以合并起来之后,
B[y] 后面那些元素必然也在 A[x] 后面,则合并后 A[x] 后面至少有 
(n-x-1) + (m-y) = (n+m)-(x+y+1) 个元素。
如果 k > x+y+1,也就说,合并后第 k 大的元素必然落在 A[x] 后面。
所以,原来在 A 数组中,第一部分(A[x]之前)以及 A[x] 都不可能包含我们
要找的元素,所以我们可以把他们排除掉。这样就排除了 A 中一半的内容。
 

all:
综上所诉,对于 k <= x+y+1 还是 k > x+y+1 我们都提出了解决的方案,并且每种方案
都能把 A 或者 B 的规模减小一半。减小了一半之后,我们将其作为一个新的问题
继续使用上面的算法处理,直到 A 或者 B 减小到足够小:
 
1. A没有了,这样只需要找出 B 中第 k 大的元素,也就是 B[k].
2. B没有了,同上结果就是 A[k].


代码如下:

#include <iostream>  
using std::cin;  
using std::cout;  
using std::endl;  
int FindTheKth(int a[],int b[],int aLeft, int aRight, int bLeft, int bRight, int k);  
   
int main(){  
    int sizeA,sizeB;  
    int Kth;  
    cout << "AĴС";  
    cin >> sizeA;  
    int *arrA = new int[sizeA];  
    cout << "" << sizeA << "" << endl;  
    for (int i = 0; i < sizeA; i++)   
        cin >> arrA[i];  
    cout << "BĴС";  
    cin >> sizeB;  
    int *arrB = new int[sizeB];  
    cout << "" << sizeB << "" << endl;  
    for (int i = 0; i < sizeB; i++)   
        cin >> arrB[i];  
    while(true){  
        cout << "õڼλ" << endl  
            << "λҪ" << sizeA + sizeB << "(-1Ƴ):";  
        cin >> Kth;  
        if( Kth != -1){  
            int res = FindTheKth(arrA,arrB,0, sizeA - 1, 0, sizeB - 1, Kth);  
            if(res != -1)  
                cout << "" << Kth << "λǣ" << res << endl;  
        }  
        else 
            return 0;  
    }  
}  
 
int FindTheKth(int a[],int b[],int aLeft, int aRight, int bLeft, int bRight, int k) {  
    int aMid = (aLeft + aRight) / 2, bMid = (bLeft + bRight) / 2;  
    if (aLeft > aRight) return b[bLeft+k-1];  
    if (bLeft > bRight) return a[aLeft+k-1];  
    if (a[aMid] <= b[bMid]) {  
        if (k <= (aMid - aLeft) + (bMid - bLeft) + 1) {  
            return FindTheKth(a,b,aLeft, aRight, bLeft, bMid-1, k);  
        } else {  
            return FindTheKth(a,b,aMid+1, aRight, bLeft, bRight, k-(aMid-aLeft)-1);  
        }  
    } else {  
        if (k <= (aMid - aLeft) + (bMid - bLeft) + 1) {  
            return FindTheKth(a,b,aLeft, aMid-1, bLeft, bRight, k);  
        } else {  
            return FindTheKth(a,b,aLeft, aRight, bMid+1, bRight, k-(bMid-bLeft)-1);  
        }  
    }  
    return -1;  
} 


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