复习一下数据库

课程目的：
理解使用数据库管理数据的基本原理
理解数据库设计基础理论
掌握应用数据库设计与实现基本方法
学习内容：
数据管理历史
关系数据库基本原理（关系模型、关系代数等）
关系数据库设计理论（范式、规范化方法）
数据库设计与实现(利用PowerDesigner等工具设计数据库，使用Oracle等DBMS实现数据库)
扩展学习：触发器、存储过程、游标等数据库编程基础，为asp, jsp,Web编程提供基础

chapter 1  Introduction:

DBMS contains information about a particular enterprise
Collection of interrelated data
Set of programs to access the data
An environment that is both convenient and efficient to use

Database Applications:
Banking: all transactions
Airlines: reservations, schedules
Universities:  registration, grades
Sales: customers, products, purchases
Online retailers: order tracking, customized recommendations
Manufacturing: production, inventory, orders, supply chain
Human resources:  employee records, salaries, tax deductions

Drawbacks of using file systems to store data:
Data redundancy and inconsistency（数据冗余和不一致性）
Multiple file formats, duplication of information in different files
Difficulty in accessing data （数据存取困难）
Need to write a new program to carry out each new task
Data isolation — multiple files and formats（数据孤立）
Integrity problems（完整性问题）
Integrity constraints  (e.g. account balance > 0) become “buried” in program code rather than being stated explicitly
Hard to add new constraints or change existing ones

Drawbacks of using file systems (cont.)
Atomicity of updates（更新的原子性）
Failures may leave database in an inconsistent state with partial updates carried out
Example: Transfer of funds from one account to another should either complete or not happen at all
Concurrent access by multiple users（多用户并发存取）
Concurrent accessed needed for performance
Uncontrolled concurrent accesses can lead to inconsistencies
Example: Two people reading a balance and updating it at the same time
Security problems（安全问题）
Hard to provide user access to some, but not all, data
Database systems offer solutions to all the above problems