Binary Tree & BST

1 二叉树：

比较特殊的一种遍历

Euler tour:

a walk around the binary tree where each edge is treated as a wall, which you cannot cross. In this walk each node will be visited either on the left, or under the below, or on the right. The Euler tour in which we visit nodes on the left produces a preorder traversal. When we visit nodes from the below, we get an inorder traversal. And when we visit nodes on the right, we get a postorder traversal.

code:

2 Binary search tree:

a binary tree where nodes are ordered:

(1)keys in left subtree are less than the key in its parent node, L < p

(2)keys in right subtree are greater than the key in its parent node, R > P

(3)duplicate keys are not allowed

code for bst

*****************************************************
*            the Node class
******************************************************/

   private class Node<T>
   {
      private T data;
      private Node<T> left, right;

      public Node(T data, Node<T> l, Node<T> r)
      {
         left = l; right = r;
         this.data = data;
      }

      public Node(T data)
      {
         this(data, null, null);
      }

      public String toString()
      {
         return data.toString();
      }
   } //end of Node

public class BST <T extends Comparable<T>> implements Iterable<T>
{
   
   private Node<T> root;
   private Comparator<T> comparator;

   public BST()
   {
      root = null;
      comparator = null;
   }

   public BST(Comparator<T> comp)
   {
      root = null;
      comparator = comp;
   }

   private int compare(T x, T y)
   {
      if(comparator == null) return x.compareTo(y);
      else
      return comparator.compare(x,y);
   }

/*****************************************************
*            INSERT
******************************************************/
   public void insert(T data)
   {
      root = insert(root, data);
   }
   private Node<T> insert(Node<T> p, T toInsert)
   {
      if (p == null)
         return new Node<T>(toInsert);

      if (compare(toInsert, p.data) == 0)
      	return p;

      if (compare(toInsert, p.data) < 0)
         p.left = insert(p.left, toInsert);
      else
         p.right = insert(p.right, toInsert);

      return p;
   }

/*****************************************************
*            SEARCH
******************************************************/
   public boolean search(T toSearch)
   {
      return search(root, toSearch);
   }
   private boolean search(Node<T> p, T toSearch)
   {
      if (p == null)
         return false;
      else
      if (compare(toSearch, p.data) == 0)
      	return true;
      else
      if (compare(toSearch, p.data) < 0)
         return search(p.left, toSearch);
      else
         return search(p.right, toSearch);
   }

/*****************************************************
*            DELETE
******************************************************/

   public void delete(T toDelete)
   {
      root = delete(root, toDelete);
   }
   private Node<T> delete(Node<T> p, T toDelete)
   {
      if (p == null)  throw new RuntimeException("cannot delete.");
      else
      if (compare(toDelete, p.data) < 0)
      p.left = delete (p.left, toDelete);
      else
      if (compare(toDelete, p.data)  > 0)
      p.right = delete (p.right, toDelete);
      else
      {
         if (p.left == null) return p.right;
         else
         if (p.right == null) return p.left;
         else
         {
         // get data from the rightmost node in the left subtree
            p.data = retrieveData(p.left);
         // delete the rightmost node in the left subtree
            p.left =  delete(p.left, p.data) ;
         }
      }
      return p;
   }
   private T retrieveData(Node<T> p)
   {
      while (p.right != null) p = p.right;

      return p.data;
   }

//traversal is recursive, so not include here
/*************************************************
 *            CLONE
 **************************************************/

   public BST<T> clone()
   {
      BST<T> twin = null;

      if(comparator == null)
         twin = new BST<T>();
      else
         twin = new BST<T>(comparator);

      twin.root = cloneHelper(root);
      return twin;
   }
   private Node<T> cloneHelper(Node<T> p)
   {
      if(p == null)
         return null;
      else
         return new Node<T>(p.data, cloneHelper(p.left), cloneHelper(p.right));
   }

/*************************************************
 *            MISC
 **************************************************/

   public int height()
   {
      return height(root);
   }
   private int height(Node<T> p)
   {
      if(p == null) return -1;
      else
      return 1 + Math.max( height(p.left), height(p.right));
   }

   public int countLeaves()
   {
      return countLeaves(root);
   }
   private int countLeaves(Node<T> p)
   {
      if(p == null) return 0;
      else
      if(p.left == null && p.right == null) return 1;
      else
      return countLeaves(p.left) + countLeaves(p.right);
   }



  //This method restores a BST given preorder and inorder traversals
   public void restore(T[] pre, T[] in)
   {
      root = restore(pre, 0, pre.length-1, in, 0, in.length-1);
   }
   private Node<T> restore(T[] pre, int preL, int preR, T[] in, int inL, int inR)
   {
      if(preL <= preR)
      {
         int count = 0;
         //find the root in the inorder array
         while(pre[preL] != in[inL + count]) count++;

         Node<T> tmp = new Node<T>(pre[preL]);
         tmp.left = restore(pre, preL+1, preL + count, in, inL, inL +count-1);
         tmp.right = restore(pre, preL+count+1, preR, in, inL+count+1, inR);
         return tmp;
      }
      else
         return null;
   }


   //The width of a binary tree is the maximum number of elements on one level of the tree.
   public int width()
   {
      int max = 0;
      for(int k = 0; k <= height(); k++)
      {
         int tmp = width(root, k);
         if(tmp > max) max = tmp;
      }
      return max;
   }
   //rerturns the number of node on a given level
   public int width(Node<T> p, int depth)
   {
      if(p==null) return 0;
      else
      if(depth == 0) return 1;
      else
      return width(p.left, depth-1) + width(p.right, depth-1);
   }

   //The diameter of a tree is the number of nodes
   //on the longest path between two leaves in the tree.
   public int diameter()
   {
      return diameter(root);
   }
   private int diameter(Node<T> p)
   {
      if(p==null) return 0;

      //the path goes through the root
      int len1 = height(p.left) + height(p.right) +3;

      //the path does not pass the root
      int len2 = Math.max(diameter(p.left), diameter(p.right));

      return Math.max(len1, len2);
   }


/*****************************************************
*
*            TREE ITERATOR
*
******************************************************/

   public Iterator<T> iterator()
   {
      return new MyIterator();
   }
   //pre-order
   private class MyIterator implements Iterator<T>
   {
      Stack<Node<T>> stk = new Stack<Node<T>>();

      public MyIterator()
      {
         if(root != null) stk.push(root);
      }
      public boolean hasNext()
      {
         return !stk.isEmpty();
      }

      public T next()
      {
         Node<T> cur = stk.peek();
         if(cur.left != null)
         {
            stk.push(cur.left);
         }
         else
         {
            Node<T> tmp = stk.pop();
            while( tmp.right == null )
            {
               if(stk.isEmpty()) return cur.data;
               tmp = stk.pop();
            }
            stk.push(tmp.right);
         }

         return cur.data;
      }//end of next()

      public void remove()
      {

      }
   }//end of MyIterator