王松桂等线性模型引论86页 $H(X‘X)^{-}H‘$ 可逆的证明

王松桂等线性模型引论86页 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 可逆的证明

1.已知条件

X X X n × p n\times p n×p 设计阵, H H H k × p k\times p k×p 已知矩阵, r k ( H ) = k rk(H)=k rk(H)=k, s p a n ( H ′ ) ⊂ s p a n ( X ′ ) span(H')\subset span(X') span(H)span(X), 其中 s p a n ( A ) span(A) span(A) 表示矩阵 A A A 的列向量张成的子空间.

2.证明 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 跟所包含广义逆的选择无关

s p a n ( H ′ ) ⊂ s p a n ( X ′ ) span(H')\subset span(X') span(H)span(X) 知, 又由定理2.1.1知 s p a n ( X ′ ) = s p a n ( X ′ X ) span(X')=span(X'X) span(X)=span(XX), 从而 s p a n ( H ′ ) ⊂ s p a n ( X ′ X ) span(H')\subset span(X'X) span(H)span(XX), 即存在矩阵 U U U, 使得 H ′ = X ′ X U H'=X'XU H=XXU, 故
H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ = U ′ X ′ X ( X ′ X ) − X ′ X U = U ′ X ′ X U , H(X'X)^{-}H'=U'X'X(X'X)^{-}X'XU=U'X'XU, H(XX)H=UXX(XX)XXU=UXXU, 可见 U ′ X ′ X U U'X'XU UXXU 与广义逆 ( X ′ X ) − (X'X)^{-} (XX) 无关, 即证得 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 跟所包含广义逆的选择无关.

3.证明 s p a n ( H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ ) = s p a n ( H X + ) span(H(X'X)^{-}H')=span(HX ^{+}) span(H(XX)H)=span(HX+)

因为 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 跟所包含广义逆的选择无关, 考虑加号逆, 有 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ = H ( X ′ X ) + H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H'=H(X'X)^{+}H' H(XX)H=H(XX)+H, 再由推论 2.2.4 知 ( X ′ X ) + = X + ( X + ) ′ (X'X)^{+}=X^{+}(X^{+})' (XX)+=X+(X+), 即得 H ( X ′ X ) + H ′ = H X + ( X + ) ′ H ′ = H X + ( H X + ) ′ , H(X'X)^{+}H'=HX^{+}(X^{+})'H'=HX^{+}(HX^{+})', H(XX)+H=HX+(X+)H=HX+(HX+), 又由定理 2.1.1 知 s p a n ( H X + ( H X + ) ′ ) = s p a n ( H X + ) span(HX ^{+}(HX^{+})')=span(HX ^{+}) span(HX+(HX+))=span(HX+), 故
s p a n ( H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ ) = s p a n ( H X + ) . span(H(X'X)^{-}H')=span(HX ^{+}). span(H(XX)H)=span(HX+).

4.证明 s p a n ( H X + ) = s p a n ( H ) span(HX ^{+})=span(H) span(HX+)=span(H)

s p a n ( H ′ ) ⊂ s p a n ( X ′ ) span(H')\subset span(X') span(H)span(X) 知, 存在矩阵 A A A, 使得 H ′ = X ′ A H'=X'A H=XA, 结合加号逆性质 X X + X = X XX^{+}X=X XX+X=X s p a n ( H ) = s p a n ( A ′ X ) = s p a n ( A ′ X X + X ) ⊂ s p a n ( A ′ X X + ) , span(H)=span(A'X)=span(A'XX^{+}X)\subset span(A'XX^{+}), span(H)=span(AX)=span(AXX+X)span(AXX+), s p a n ( A ′ X X + ) = s p a n ( H X + ) ⊂ s p a n ( H ) , span(A'XX^{+})=span(HX^{+})\subset span(H), span(AXX+)=span(HX+)span(H), s p a n ( A ′ X X + ) = s p a n ( H ) span(A'XX^{+})=span(H) span(AXX+)=span(H), 即 s p a n ( H X + ) = s p a n ( H ) span(HX ^{+})=span(H) span(HX+)=span(H).

5.证明 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 可逆

因为 s p a n ( H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ ) = s p a n ( H ) span(H(X'X)^{-}H')=span(H) span(H(XX)H)=span(H), 所以 r k ( H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ ) = r k ( H ) = k rk(H(X'X)^{-}H')=rk(H)=k rk(H(XX)H)=rk(H)=k, 注意到 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H k × k k\times k k×k 的方阵, 从而 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 满秩, 即 H ( X ′ X ) − H ′ H(X'X)^{-}H' H(XX)H 可逆.

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