Join操作 适用场景:在我们表关系中有一对一关系,一对多关系,多对多关系等。对各个表之间的关系,就用这些实现对多个表的操作。 说明:在Join操作中,分别为Join(Join查询), SelectMany(Select一对多选择)和GroupJoin(分组Join查询)。 该扩展方法对两个序列中键匹配的元素进行inner join操作 SelectMany 说明:我们在写查询语句时,如果被翻译成SelectMany需要满足2个条件。1:查询语句中没有join和into,2:必须出现EntitySet。在我们表关系中有一对一关系,一对多关系,多对多关系等,下面分别介绍一下。 1.一对多关系(1 to Many): var q = from c in db.Customers from o in c.Orders where c.City == "London" select o;语句描述:Customers与Orders是一对多关系。即Orders在Customers类中以EntitySet形式出现。所以第二个from是从c.Orders而不是db.Orders里进行筛选。这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航选择伦敦客户的所有订单。 var q = from p in db.Products where p.Supplier.Country == "USA" && p.UnitsInStock == 0 select p;语句描述:这一句使用了p.Supplier.Country条件,间接关联了Supplier表。这个例子在Where子句中使用外键导航筛选其供应商在美国且缺货的产品。生成SQL语句为: SELECT [t0].[ProductID], [t0].[ProductName], [t0].[SupplierID], [t0].[CategoryID],[t0].[QuantityPerUnit],[t0].[UnitPrice], [t0].[UnitsInStock], [t0].[UnitsOnOrder],[t0].[ReorderLevel], [t0].[Discontinued] FROM [dbo].[Products] AS [t0] LEFT OUTER JOIN [dbo].[Suppliers] AS [t1] ON [t1].[SupplierID] = [t0].[SupplierID] WHERE ([t1].[Country] = @p0) AND ([t0].[UnitsInStock] = @p1) -- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 3; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [USA] -- @p1: Input Int (Size = 0; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [0]2.多对多关系(Many to Many): var q = from e in db.Employees from et in e.EmployeeTerritories where e.City == "Seattle" select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, et.Territory.TerritoryDescription };说明:多对多关系一般会涉及三个表(如果有一个表是自关联的,那有可能只有2个表)。这一句语句涉及Employees, EmployeeTerritories, Territories三个表。它们的关系是1:M:1。Employees和Territories没有很明确的关系。 语句描述:这个例子在From子句中使用外键导航筛选在西雅图的雇员,同时列出其所在地区。这条生成SQL语句为: SELECT [t0].[FirstName], [t0].[LastName], [t2].[TerritoryDescription] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0] CROSS JOIN [dbo].[EmployeeTerritories] AS [t1] INNER JOIN [dbo].[Territories] AS [t2] ON [t2].[TerritoryID] = [t1].[TerritoryID] WHERE ([t0].[City] = @p0) AND ([t1].[EmployeeID] = [t0].[EmployeeID]) -- @p0: Input NVarChar (Size = 7; Prec = 0; Scale = 0) [Seattle]3.自联接关系: var q = from e1 in db.Employees from e2 in e1.Employees where e1.City == e2.City select new { FirstName1 = e1.FirstName, LastName1 = e1.LastName, FirstName2 = e2.FirstName, LastName2 = e2.LastName, e1.City };语句描述:这个例子在select 子句中使用外键导航筛选成对的雇员,每对中一个雇员隶属于另一个雇员,且两个雇员都来自相同城市。生成SQL语句为: SELECT [t0].[FirstName] AS [FirstName1], [t0].[LastName] AS [LastName1],[t1].[FirstName] AS [FirstName2], [t1].[LastName] AS [LastName2],[t0].[City] FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t0], [dbo].[Employees] AS [t1] WHERE ([t0].[City] = [t1].[City]) AND ([t1].[ReportsTo] = [t0].[EmployeeID])GroupJoin 像上面所说的,没有join和into,被翻译成SelectMany,同时有join和into时,那么就被翻译为GroupJoin。在这里into的概念是对其结果进行重新命名。 1.双向联接(Two way join): 此示例显式联接两个表并从这两个表投影出结果: var q = from c in db.Customers join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into orders select new { c.ContactName, OrderCount = orders.Count() };说明:在一对多关系中,左边是1,它每条记录为c(from c in db.Customers),右边是Many,其每条记录叫做o ( join o in db.Orders ),每对应左边的一个c,就会有一组o,那这一组o,就叫做orders,也就是说,我们把一组o命名为orders,这就是into用途。这也就是为什么在select语句中,orders可以调用聚合函数Count。在T-SQL中,使用其内嵌的T-SQL返回值作为字段值。如图所示: 生成SQL语句为: SELECT [t0].[ContactName], ( SELECT COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1] WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID] ) AS [OrderCount] FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]2.三向联接(There way join): 此示例显式联接三个表并分别从每个表投影出结果: var q = from c in db.Customers join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords join e in db.Employees on c.City equals e.City into emps select new { c.ContactName, ords = ords.Count(), emps = emps.Count() };生成SQL语句为: SELECT [t0].[ContactName], ( SELECT COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[Orders] AS [t1] WHERE [t0].[CustomerID] = [t1].[CustomerID] ) AS [ords], ( SELECT COUNT(*) FROM [dbo].[Employees] AS [t2] WHERE [t0].[City] = [t2].[City] ) AS [emps] FROM [dbo].[Customers] AS [t0]3.左外部联接(Left Outer Join): 此示例说明如何通过使用 此示例说明如何通过使用DefaultIfEmpty() 获取左外部联接。在雇员没有订单时,DefaultIfEmpty()方法返回null: var q = from e in db.Employees join o in db.Orders on e equals o.Employee into ords from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = o };说明:以Employees左表,Orders右表,Orders 表中为空时,用null值填充。Join的结果重命名ords,使用DefaultIfEmpty()函数对其再次查询。其最后的结果中有个Order,因为from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 是对ords组再一次遍历,所以,最后结果中的Order并不是一个集合。但是,如果没有from o in ords.DefaultIfEmpty() 这句,最后的select语句写成select new { e.FirstName, e.LastName, Order = ords }的话,那么Order就是一个集合。 4.投影的Let赋值(Projected let assignment): 说明:let语句是重命名。let位于第一个from和select语句之间。 这个例子从联接投影出最终“Let”表达式: var q = from c in db.Customers join o in db.Orders on c.CustomerID equals o.CustomerID into ords let z = c.City + c.Country from o in ords select new { c.ContactName, o.OrderID, z };5.组合键(Composite Key): 这个例子显示带有组合键的联接: var q = from o in db.Orders from p in db.Products join d in db.OrderDetails on new { o.OrderID, p.ProductID } equals new { d.OrderID, d.ProductID } into details from d in details select new { o.OrderID, p.ProductID, d.UnitPrice };说明:使用三个表,并且用匿名类来说明:使用三个表,并且用匿名类来表示它们之间的关系。它们之间的关系不能用一个键描述清楚,所以用匿名类,来表示组合键。还有一种是两个表之间是用组合键表示关系的,不需要使用匿名类。 6.可为null/不可为null的键关系(Nullable/Nonnullable Key Relationship): 这个实例显示如何构造一侧可为 null 而另一侧不可为 null 的联接: var q = from o in db.Orders join e in db.Employees on o.EmployeeID equals (int?)e.EmployeeID into emps from e in emps select new { o.OrderID, e.FirstName };Order By操作 适用场景:对查询出的语句进行排序,比如按时间排序等等。 说明:按指定表达式对集合排序;延迟,:按指定表达式对集合排序;延迟,默认是升序,加上descending表示降序,对应的扩展方法是OrderBy和OrderByDescending 1.简单形式 这个例子使用 orderby 按雇用日期对雇员进行排序: var q = from e in db.Employees orderby e.HireDate select e;说明:默认为升序 2.带条件形式 注意:Where和Order By的顺序并不重要。而在T-SQL中,Where和Order By有严格的位置限制。 var q = from o in db.Orders where o.ShipCity == "London" orderby o.Freight select o;语句描述:使用where和orderby按运费进行排序。 3.降序排序 var q = from p in db.Products orderby p.UnitPrice descending select p;4.ThenBy 语句描述:使用复合的 orderby 对客户进行排序,进行排序: var q = from c in db.Customers orderby c.City, c.ContactName select c;说明:按多个表达式进行排序,例如先按City排序,当City相同时,按ContactName排序。这一句用Lambda表达式像这样写: var q = .OrderBy(c => c.City) .ThenBy(c => c.ContactName).ToList();在T-SQL中没有ThenBy语句,其依然翻译为OrderBy,所以也可以用下面语句来表达: var q = db.Customers .OrderBy(c => c.ContactName) .OrderBy(c => c.City).ToList();所要注意的是,多个OrderBy操作时,级连方式是按逆序。对于降序的,用相应的降序操作符替换即可。 var q = db.Customers .OrderByDescending(c => c.City) .ThenByDescending(c => c.ContactName).ToList();需要说明的是,OrderBy操作,不支持按type排序,也不支持匿名类。比如 var q = db.Customers .OrderBy(c => new { c.City, c.ContactName }).ToList();会被抛出异常。错误是前面的操作有匿名类,再跟OrderBy时,比较的是类别。比如 var q = db.Customers .Select(c => new { c.City, c.Address }) .OrderBy(c => c).ToList();如果你想使用OrderBy(c => c),其前提条件是,前面步骤中,所产生的对象的类别必须为C#语言的基本类型。比如下句,这里City为string类型。 var q = db.Customers .Select(c => c.City) .OrderBy(c => c).ToList();5.ThenByDescending 这两个扩展方式都是用在OrderBy/OrderByDescending之后的,第一个ThenBy/ThenByDescending扩展方法作为第二位排序依据,第二个ThenBy/ThenByDescending则作为第三位排序依据,以此类推 var q = from o in db.Orders where o.EmployeeID == 1 orderby o.ShipCountry, o.Freight descending select o;语句描述:使用orderby先按发往国家再按运费从高到低的顺序对 EmployeeID 1 的订单进行排序。 6.带GroupBy形式 var q = from p in db.Products group p by p.CategoryID into g orderby g.Key select new { g.Key, MostExpensiveProducts = from p2 in g where p2.UnitPrice == g.Max(p3 => p3.UnitPrice) select p2 };