设计模式（九）观察者模式

观察者模式的定义：

　　在对象之间定义了一对多的依赖，这样一来，当一个对象改变状态，依赖它的对象会收到通知并自动更新。

大白话：

　　其实就是发布订阅模式，发布者发布信息，订阅者获取信息，订阅了就能收到信息，没订阅就收不到信息。

举个例子，如订阅了天气，那么天气突发，就会发通知到你的手机上面。记得是天气发现了变化，才发通知的。

这里我直接用java提供的观察者模式实现

1.建立目标对象

package dyl.study.observer;
 
import java.util.Observable;
 
public class ConcreteWeatherSubject extends Observable {
    //天气情况的内容
    private String content;
 
    public String getContent() {
        return content;
    }
 
    public void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
        this.setChanged();
        this.notifyObservers(content); //推方式
    }
     
}

可以看到setContent，只要改变目标状态，就会推送信息给观察者。

Observable在这个类中，其实也就是存观察者对象。类里面就是注册观察者，删除观察者，保存观察者的数组。、

可以看下源码

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 2012, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */

package java.util;

/**
 * This class represents an observable object, or "data"
 * in the model-view paradigm. It can be subclassed to represent an
 * object that the application wants to have observed.
 * <p>
 * An observable object can have one or more observers. An observer
 * may be any object that implements interface <tt>Observer</tt>. After an
 * observable instance changes, an application calling the
 * <code>Observable</code>'s <code>notifyObservers</code> method
 * causes all of its observers to be notified of the change by a call
 * to their <code>update</code> method.
 * <p>
 * The order in which notifications will be delivered is unspecified.
 * The default implementation provided in the Observable class will
 * notify Observers in the order in which they registered interest, but
 * subclasses may change this order, use no guaranteed order, deliver
 * notifications on separate threads, or may guarantee that their
 * subclass follows this order, as they choose.
 * <p>
 * Note that this notification mechanism has nothing to do with threads
 * and is completely separate from the <tt>wait</tt> and <tt>notify</tt>
 * mechanism of class <tt>Object</tt>.
 * <p>
 * When an observable object is newly created, its set of observers is
 * empty. Two observers are considered the same if and only if the
 * <tt>equals</tt> method returns true for them.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
 * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
 * @see     java.util.Observer
 * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public class Observable {
    private boolean changed = false;
    private Vector<Observer> obs;

    /** Construct an Observable with zero Observers. */

    public Observable() {
        obs = new Vector<>();
    }

    /**
     * Adds an observer to the set of observers for this object, provided
     * that it is not the same as some observer already in the set.
     * The order in which notifications will be delivered to multiple
     * observers is not specified. See the class comment.
     *
     * @param   o   an observer to be added.
     * @throws NullPointerException   if the parameter o is null.
     */
    public synchronized void addObserver(Observer o) {
        if (o == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        if (!obs.contains(o)) {
            obs.addElement(o);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Deletes an observer from the set of observers of this object.
     * Passing <CODE>null</CODE> to this method will have no effect.
     * @param   o   the observer to be deleted.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObserver(Observer o) {
        obs.removeElement(o);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to
     * indicate that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and <code>null</code>. In other
     * words, this method is equivalent to:
     * <blockquote><tt>
     * notifyObservers(null)</tt></blockquote>
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers() {
        notifyObservers(null);
    }

    /**
     * If this object has changed, as indicated by the
     * <code>hasChanged</code> method, then notify all of its observers
     * and then call the <code>clearChanged</code> method to indicate
     * that this object has no longer changed.
     * <p>
     * Each observer has its <code>update</code> method called with two
     * arguments: this observable object and the <code>arg</code> argument.
     *
     * @param   arg   any object.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#hasChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observer#update(java.util.Observable, java.lang.Object)
     */
    public void notifyObservers(Object arg) {
        /*
         * a temporary array buffer, used as a snapshot of the state of
         * current Observers.
         */
        Object[] arrLocal;

        synchronized (this) {
            /* We don't want the Observer doing callbacks into
             * arbitrary code while holding its own Monitor.
             * The code where we extract each Observable from
             * the Vector and store the state of the Observer
             * needs synchronization, but notifying observers
             * does not (should not).  The worst result of any
             * potential race-condition here is that:
             * 1) a newly-added Observer will miss a
             *   notification in progress
             * 2) a recently unregistered Observer will be
             *   wrongly notified when it doesn't care
             */
            if (!changed)
                return;
            arrLocal = obs.toArray();
            clearChanged();
        }

        for (int i = arrLocal.length-1; i>=0; i--)
            ((Observer)arrLocal[i]).update(this, arg);
    }

    /**
     * Clears the observer list so that this object no longer has any observers.
     */
    public synchronized void deleteObservers() {
        obs.removeAllElements();
    }

    /**
     * Marks this <tt>Observable</tt> object as having been changed; the
     * <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>true</tt>.
     */
    protected synchronized void setChanged() {
        changed = true;
    }

    /**
     * Indicates that this object has no longer changed, or that it has
     * already notified all of its observers of its most recent change,
     * so that the <tt>hasChanged</tt> method will now return <tt>false</tt>.
     * This method is called automatically by the
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> methods.
     *
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#notifyObservers(java.lang.Object)
     */
    protected synchronized void clearChanged() {
        changed = false;
    }

    /**
     * Tests if this object has changed.
     *
     * @return  <code>true</code> if and only if the <code>setChanged</code>
     *          method has been called more recently than the
     *          <code>clearChanged</code> method on this object;
     *          <code>false</code> otherwise.
     * @see     java.util.Observable#clearChanged()
     * @see     java.util.Observable#setChanged()
     */
    public synchronized boolean hasChanged() {
        return changed;
    }

    /**
     * Returns the number of observers of this <tt>Observable</tt> object.
     *
     * @return  the number of observers of this object.
     */
    public synchronized int countObservers() {
        return obs.size();
    }
}

2.创建观察者对象

package dyl.study.observer;
 
import java.util.Observable;
import java.util.Observer;
//具体的观察者对象
public class ConcreteObserver implements Observer {
    private String observerName;
    @Override
    public void update(Observable o, Object arg) {
        //推方式
        System.out.println(observerName+"收到了"+arg);
        //拉方式
        System.out.println(observerName+"收到了消息，主动到目标对象那去取得数据，取得的数据为："+((ConcreteWeatherSubject)o).getContent());
    }
    public String getObserverName() {
        return observerName;
    }
    public void setObserverName(String observerName) {
        this.observerName = observerName;
    }
 
}

 this.notifyObservers(content);目标对象的这个方法会调用观察者的update方法

另外还涉及到

退方式和拉方式

这里我解释一下

退就目标者把信息退给你，这里是要需求分析的，因为推给你的你不一定想要。

而拉就是观察者自己去获取自己想要的信息。所以传递的是目标的对象过去

可以看下的Observer源码

/*
 * Copyright (c) 1994, 1998, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 *
 */
package java.util;

/**
 * A class can implement the <code>Observer</code> interface when it
 * wants to be informed of changes in observable objects.
 *
 * @author  Chris Warth
 * @see     java.util.Observable
 * @since   JDK1.0
 */
public interface Observer {
    /**
     * This method is called whenever the observed object is changed. An
     * application calls an <tt>Observable</tt> object's
     * <code>notifyObservers</code> method to have all the object's
     * observers notified of the change.
     *
     * @param   o     the observable object.
     * @param   arg   an argument passed to the <code>notifyObservers</code>
     *                 method.
     */
    void update(Observable o, Object arg);
}

3.客户端实现

package dyl.study.observer;
 
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ConcreteWeatherSubject subject = new ConcreteWeatherSubject();
        ConcreteObserver p1 = new ConcreteObserver();
        ConcreteObserver p2 = new ConcreteObserver();
        p1.setObserverName("我");
        p2.setObserverName("你");
        subject.addObserver(p1);
        subject.addObserver(p2);
        subject.setContent("QQ天气：【某地】阴7°/10°，09:05更新~");
    }
}

客户端实现的过程是先创建目标，再创建观察者，设置观察者，最后更改目标的状态。

最后说下

区别对待观察者

有个需求是目标对象改变不用每次都去通知观察者，观察者会很烦

那就要在目标对象中的

 public void setContent(String content) {
        this.content = content;
        this.setChanged();
        this.notifyObservers(content); //推方式
    }

加判断语句，如果是简单的话。