servlet学习总结一

1.什么是servlet:

Java Servlet 是运行在 Web 服务器或应用服务器上的程序，它是作为来自 Web 浏览器或其他 HTTP 客户端的请求和 HTTP 服务器上的数据库或应用程序之间的中间层。

其实我的理解，servlet就是在 遵循JAVAEE规范的服务器上运行的一小段用java编写的小程序.

2.servlet的实现方式

1) 直接implements servlet

2) 继承GenericSevlet

3) 继承HttpServlet

先看一下目录结构

当我看到这个目录结构的时候很费解，扒源码发现那个facesServlet类是final修饰的

不太明白这样设计的目的，希望对这方面了解的能交流一下。

3.servlet 的生命周期

我们先看一下API的方法

public interface Servlet {

    /**
     * Called by the servlet container to indicate to a servlet that the 
     * servlet is being placed into service.
     *
     * <p>The servlet container calls the <code>init</code>
     * method exactly once after instantiating the servlet.
     * The <code>init</code> method must complete successfully
     * before the servlet can receive any requests.
     *
     * <p>The servlet container cannot place the servlet into service
     * if the <code>init</code> method
     * <ol>
     * <li>Throws a <code>ServletException</code>
     * <li>Does not return within a time period defined by the Web server
     * </ol>
     *
     *
     * @param config			a <code>ServletConfig</code> object 
     *					containing the servlet's
     * 					configuration and initialization parameters
     *
     * @exception ServletException 	if an exception has occurred that
     *					interferes with the servlet's normal
     *					operation
     *
     * @see 				UnavailableException
     * @see 				#getServletConfig
     *
     */

    public void init(ServletConfig config) throws ServletException;
    
    

    /**
     *
     * Returns a {@link ServletConfig} object, which contains
     * initialization and startup parameters for this servlet.
     * The <code>ServletConfig</code> object returned is the one 
     * passed to the <code>init</code> method. 
     *
     * <p>Implementations of this interface are responsible for storing the 
     * <code>ServletConfig</code> object so that this 
     * method can return it. The {@link GenericServlet}
     * class, which implements this interface, already does this.
     *
     * @return		the <code>ServletConfig</code> object
     *			that initializes this servlet
     *
     * @see 		#init
     *
     */

    public ServletConfig getServletConfig();
    
    

    /**
     * Called by the servlet container to allow the servlet to respond to 
     * a request.
     *
     * <p>This method is only called after the servlet's <code>init()</code>
     * method has completed successfully.
     * 
     * <p>  The status code of the response always should be set for a servlet 
     * that throws or sends an error.
     *
     * 
     * <p>Servlets typically run inside multithreaded servlet containers
     * that can handle multiple requests concurrently. Developers must 
     * be aware to synchronize access to any shared resources such as files,
     * network connections, and as well as the servlet's class and instance 
     * variables. 
     * More information on multithreaded programming in Java is available in 
     * <a href="http://java.sun.com/Series/Tutorial/java/threads/multithreaded.html">
     * the Java tutorial on multi-threaded programming</a>.
     *
     *
     * @param req 	the <code>ServletRequest</code> object that contains
     *			the client's request
     *
     * @param res 	the <code>ServletResponse</code> object that contains
     *			the servlet's response
     *
     * @exception ServletException 	if an exception occurs that interferes
     *					with the servlet's normal operation 
     *
     * @exception IOException 		if an input or output exception occurs
     *
     */

    public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)
	throws ServletException, IOException;
	
	

    /**
     * Returns information about the servlet, such
     * as author, version, and copyright.
     * 
     * <p>The string that this method returns should
     * be plain text and not markup of any kind (such as HTML, XML,
     * etc.).
     *
     * @return 		a <code>String</code> containing servlet information
     *
     */

    public String getServletInfo();
    
    

    /**
     *
     * Called by the servlet container to indicate to a servlet that the
     * servlet is being taken out of service.  This method is
     * only called once all threads within the servlet's
     * <code>service</code> method have exited or after a timeout
     * period has passed. After the servlet container calls this 
     * method, it will not call the <code>service</code> method again
     * on this servlet.
     *
     * <p>This method gives the servlet an opportunity 
     * to clean up any resources that are being held (for example, memory,
     * file handles, threads) and make sure that any persistent state is
     * synchronized with the servlet's current state in memory.
     *
     */

    public void destroy();
}

1）初始化 调用init()方法 并且创建servlet实例

servlet是单例多线程模式，在服务器启动之后，如果当客户端第一次请求的时候，开始运行init()方法 并创建servlet实例，多个请求会自动创建多线程，对于每个线程来说，servlet实例都是单例的。在servlet的生命周期中，init()方法仅执行一次。

如果想在服务器启动的时候就运行init()方法，创建servlet实例 ,需要在web.xml 里配置  增加 <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> 即可

<span style="white-space:pre">	</span><servlet>
  		<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
		<servlet-class>demo.com.cn.ssm.controller.UserServlet</servlet-class>  		
		<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
  	</servlet>
  	<servlet-mapping>
  		<servlet-name>MyServlet</servlet-name>
  		<url-pattern>/myServlet</url-pattern>
  	</servlet-mapping>

2）调用  调用service() 方法

我们来看一下开发的时候 直接extends HttpServlet 这种方式 ，  HttpServlet 的 service() 方法源码

protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp)
        throws ServletException, IOException
    {
        String method = req.getMethod();

        if (method.equals(METHOD_GET)) {
            long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
            if (lastModified == -1) {
                // servlet doesn't support if-modified-since, no reason
                // to go through further expensive logic
                doGet(req, resp);
            } else {
                long ifModifiedSince = req.getDateHeader(HEADER_IFMODSINCE);
                if (ifModifiedSince < lastModified) {
                    // If the servlet mod time is later, call doGet()
                    // Round down to the nearest second for a proper compare
                    // A ifModifiedSince of -1 will always be less
                    maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
                    doGet(req, resp);
                } else {
                    resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_MODIFIED);
                }
            }

        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_HEAD)) {
            long lastModified = getLastModified(req);
            maybeSetLastModified(resp, lastModified);
            doHead(req, resp);

        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_POST)) {
            doPost(req, resp);
            
        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_PUT)) {
            doPut(req, resp);
            
        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_DELETE)) {
            doDelete(req, resp);
            
        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_OPTIONS)) {
            doOptions(req,resp);
            
        } else if (method.equals(METHOD_TRACE)) {
            doTrace(req,resp);
            
        } else {
            //
            // Note that this means NO servlet supports whatever
            // method was requested, anywhere on this server.
            //

            String errMsg = lStrings.getString("http.method_not_implemented");
            Object[] errArgs = new Object[1];
            errArgs[0] = method;
            errMsg = MessageFormat.format(errMsg, errArgs);
            
            resp.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, errMsg);
        }
    }

它的实现实际就是判断不同的提交方式来跳转不同的方法，所有开发的时候我们一般不去重写这个方法，只需根据情况重写 doGet() 和 doPost()等

public class UserServlet extends HttpServlet{

	/**  */
	private static final long serialVersionUID = -7018671373592622333L;

	@Override
	public void doGet(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response){
		System.out.println("doGet ~~~");
	}
	
	@Override
	public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,HttpServletResponse response){
		System.out.println("doPost ~~");
	}
	
	@Override
	public void init(ServletConfig servletConfig) throws ServletException {
		System.out.println("初始化 servlet实例");
	}
	
	@Override
	public void destroy() {
		System.out.println("销毁 servlet实例");
	}
}

3）销毁 调用 destroy() 方法

调用 destroy()方法，即 开始恢复一些初始化的变量，释放资源，线程正常退出等。之后等待JVM垃圾回收。

4）回收 等待JVM回收