Swift是什么?
Swift是苹果于WWDC 2014发布的编程语言,这里引用The Swift Programming Language的原话:
Swift is a new programming language for iOS and OS X apps that builds on the best of C and Objective-C, without the constraints of C compatibility.
Swift adopts safe programming patterns and adds modern features to make programming easier, more flexible and more fun.
Swift’s clean slate, backed by the mature and much-loved Cocoa and Cocoa Touch frameworks, is an opportunity to imagine how software development works.
Swift is the first industrial-quality systems programming language that is as expressive and enjoyable as a scripting language.
简单的说:
- Swift用来写iOS和OS X程序。(估计也不会支持其它屌丝系统)
- Swift吸取了C和Objective-C的优点,且更加强大易用。
- Swift可以使用现有的Cocoa和Cocoa Touch框架。
- Swift兼具编译语言的高性能(Performance)和脚本语言的交互性(Interactive)。
Swift语言概览
基本概念
注:这一节的代码源自The Swift Programming Language中的A Swift Tour。
Hello, world
类似于脚本语言,下面的代码即是一个完整的Swift程序。
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| println("Hello, world")
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变量与常量
Swift使用var
声明变量,let
声明常量。
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| var myVariable = 42
myVariable = 50
let myConstant = 42
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类型推导
Swift支持类型推导(Type Inference),所以上面的代码不需指定类型,如果需要指定类型:
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| let explicitDouble : Double = 70
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Swift不支持隐式类型转换(Implicitly casting),所以下面的代码需要显式类型转换(Explicitly casting):
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| let label = "The width is "
let width = 94
let width = label + String(width)
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字符串格式化
Swift使用\(item)
的形式进行字符串格式化:
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| let apples = 3
let oranges = 5
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples) apples."
let appleSummary = "I have \(apples + oranges) pieces of fruit."
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数组和字典
Swift使用[]
操作符声明数组(array)和字典(dictionary):
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| var shoppingList = ["catfish", "water", "tulips", "blue paint"]
shoppingList[1] = "bottle of water"
var occupations = [
"Malcolm": "Captain",
"Kaylee": "Mechanic",
]
occupations["Jayne"] = "Public Relations"
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一般使用初始化器(initializer)语法创建空数组和空字典:
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| let emptyArray = String[]()
let emptyDictionary = Dictionary<String, Float>()
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如果类型信息已知,则可以使用[]
声明空数组,使用[:]
声明空字典。
控制流
概览
Swift的条件语句包含if
和switch
,循环语句包含for-in
、for
、while
和do-while
,循环/判断条件不需要括号,但循环/判断体(body)必需括号:
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| let individualScores = [75, 43, 103, 87, 12]
var teamScore = 0
for score in individualScores {
if score > 50 {
teamScore += 3
} else {
teamScore += 1
}
}
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可空类型
结合if
和let
,可以方便的处理可空变量(nullable variable)。对于空值,需要在类型声明后添加?
显式标明该类型可空。
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| var optionalString: String? = "Hello"
optionalString == nil
var optionalName: String? = "John Appleseed"
var gretting = "Hello!"
if let name = optionalName {
gretting = "Hello, \(name)"
}
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灵活的switch
Swift中的switch
支持各种各样的比较操作:
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| let vegetable = "red pepper"
switch vegetable {
case "celery":
let vegetableComment = "Add some raisins and make ants on a log."
case "cucumber", "watercress":
let vegetableComment = "That would make a good tea sandwich."
case let x where x.hasSuffix("pepper"):
let vegetableComment = "Is it a spicy \(x)?"
default:
let vegetableComment = "Everything tastes good in soup."
}
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其它循环
for-in
除了遍历数组也可以用来遍历字典:
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| let interestingNumbers = [
"Prime": [2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13],
"Fibonacci": [1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8],
"Square": [1, 4, 9, 16, 25],
]
var largest = 0
for (kind, numbers) in interestingNumbers {
for number in numbers {
if number > largest {
largest = number
}
}
}
largest
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while
循环和do-while
循环:
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| var n = 2
while n < 100 {
n = n * 2
}
n
var m = 2
do {
m = m * 2
} while m < 100
m
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Swift支持传统的for
循环,此外也可以通过结合..
(生成一个区间)和for-in
实现同样的逻辑。
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| var firstForLoop = 0
for i in 0..3 {
firstForLoop += i
}
firstForLoop
var secondForLoop = 0
for var i = 0; i < 3; ++i {
secondForLoop += 1
}
secondForLoop
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注意:Swift除了..
还有...
:..
生成前闭后开的区间,而...
生成前闭后闭的区间。
函数和闭包
函数
Swift使用func
关键字声明函数:
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| func greet(name: String, day: String) -> String {
return "Hello \(name), today is \(day)."
}
greet("Bob", "Tuesday")
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通过元组(Tuple)返回多个值:
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| func getGasPrices() -> (Double, Double, Double) {
return (3.59, 3.69, 3.79)
}
getGasPrices()
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支持带有变长参数的函数:
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| func sumOf(numbers: Int...) -> Int {
var sum = 0
for number in numbers {
sum += number
}
return sum
}
sumOf()
sumOf(42, 597, 12)
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函数也可以嵌套函数:
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| func returnFifteen() -> Int {
var y = 10
func add() {
y += 5
}
add()
return y
}
returnFifteen()
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作为头等对象,函数既可以作为返回值,也可以作为参数传递:
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| func makeIncrementer() -> (Int -> Int) {
func addOne(number: Int) -> Int {
return 1 + number
}
return addOne
}
var increment = makeIncrementer()
increment(7)
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| func hasAnyMatches(list: Int[], condition: Int -> Bool) -> Bool {
for item in list {
if condition(item) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
func lessThanTen(number: Int) -> Bool {
return number < 10
}
var numbers = [20, 19, 7, 12]
hasAnyMatches(numbers, lessThanTen)
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闭包
本质来说,函数是特殊的闭包,Swift中可以利用{}
声明匿名闭包:
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| numbers.map({
(number: Int) -> Int in
let result = 3 * number
return result
})
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当闭包的类型已知时,可以使用下面的简化写法:
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| numbers.map({ number in 3 * number })
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此外还可以通过参数的位置来使用参数,当函数最后一个参数是闭包时,可以使用下面的语法:
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| sort([1, 5, 3, 12, 2]) { $0 > $1 }
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类和对象
创建和使用类
Swift使用class
创建一个类,类可以包含字段和方法:
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| class Shape {
var numberOfSides = 0
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
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创建Shape
类的实例,并调用其字段和方法。
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| var shape = Shape()
shape.numberOfSides = 7
var shapeDescription = shape.simpleDescription()
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通过init
构建对象,既可以使用self
显式引用成员字段(name
),也可以隐式引用(numberOfSides
)。
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| class NamedShape {
var numberOfSides: Int = 0
var name: String
init(name: String) {
self.name = name
}
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A shape with \(numberOfSides) sides."
}
}
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使用deinit
进行清理工作。
继承和多态
Swift支持继承和多态(override
父类方法):
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| class Square: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 4
}
func area() -> Double {
return sideLength * sideLength
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "A square with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
let test = Square(sideLength: 5.2, name: "my test square")
test.area()
test.simpleDescription()
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注意:如果这里的simpleDescription
方法没有被标识为override
,则会引发编译错误。
属性
为了简化代码,Swift引入了属性(property),见下面的perimeter
字段:
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| class EquilateralTriangle: NamedShape {
var sideLength: Double = 0.0
init(sideLength: Double, name: String) {
self.sideLength = sideLength
super.init(name: name)
numberOfSides = 3
}
var perimeter: Double {
get {
return 3.0 * sideLength
}
set {
sideLength = newValue / 3.0
}
}
override func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "An equilateral triagle with sides of length \(sideLength)."
}
}
var triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: 3.1, name: "a triangle")
triangle.perimeter
triangle.perimeter = 9.9
triangle.sideLength
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注意:赋值器(setter)中,接收的值被自动命名为newValue
。
willSet和didSet
EquilateralTriangle
的构造器进行了如下操作:
- 为子类型的属性赋值。
- 调用父类型的构造器。
- 修改父类型的属性。
如果不需要计算属性的值,但需要在赋值前后进行一些操作的话,使用willSet
和didSet
:
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| class TriangleAndSquare {
var triangle: EquilateralTriangle {
willSet {
square.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
var square: Square {
willSet {
triangle.sideLength = newValue.sideLength
}
}
init(size: Double, name: String) {
square = Square(sideLength: size, name: name)
triangle = EquilateralTriangle(sideLength: size, name: name)
}
}
var triangleAndSquare = TriangleAndSquare(size: 10, name: "another test shape")
triangleAndSquare.square.sideLength
triangleAndSquare.square = Square(sideLength: 50, name: "larger square")
triangleAndSquare.triangle.sideLength
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从而保证triangle
和square
拥有相等的sideLength
。
调用方法
Swift中,函数的参数名称只能在函数内部使用,但方法的参数名称除了在内部使用外还可以在外部使用(第一个参数除外),例如:
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| class Counter {
var count: Int = 0
func incrementBy(amount: Int, numberOfTimes times: Int) {
count += amount * times
}
}
var counter = Counter()
counter.incrementBy(2, numberOfTimes: 7)
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注意Swift支持为方法参数取别名:在上面的代码里,numberOfTimes
面向外部,times
面向内部。
?的另一种用途
使用可空值时,?
可以出现在方法、属性或下标前面。如果?
前的值为nil
,那么?
后面的表达式会被忽略,而原表达式直接返回nil
,例如:
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| let optionalSquare: Square? = Square(sideLength: 2.5, name: "optional
square")
let sideLength = optionalSquare?.sideLength
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当optionalSquare
为nil
时,sideLength
属性调用会被忽略。
枚举和结构
枚举
使用enum
创建枚举——注意Swift的枚举可以关联方法:
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| enum Rank: Int {
case Ace = 1
case Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten
case Jack, Queen, King
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Ace:
return "ace"
case .Jack:
return "jack"
case .Queen:
return "queen"
case .King:
return "king"
default:
return String(self.toRaw())
}
}
}
let ace = Rank.Ace
let aceRawValue = ace.toRaw()
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使用toRaw
和fromRaw
在原始(raw)数值和枚举值之间进行转换:
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| if let convertedRank = Rank.fromRaw(3) {
let threeDescription = convertedRank.simpleDescription()
}
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注意枚举中的成员值(member value)是实际的值(actual value),和原始值(raw value)没有必然关联。
一些情况下枚举不存在有意义的原始值,这时可以直接忽略原始值:
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| enum Suit {
case Spades, Hearts, Diamonds, Clubs
func simpleDescription() -> String {
switch self {
case .Spades:
return "spades"
case .Hearts:
return "hearts"
case .Diamonds:
return "diamonds"
case .Clubs:
return "clubs"
}
}
}
let hearts = Suit.Hearts
let heartsDescription = hearts.simpleDescription()
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除了可以关联方法,枚举还支持在其成员上关联值,同一枚举的不同成员可以有不同的关联的值:
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| enum ServerResponse {
case Result(String, String)
case Error(String)
}
let success = ServerResponse.Result("6:00 am", "8:09 pm")
let failure = ServerResponse.Error("Out of cheese.")
switch success {
case let .Result(sunrise, sunset):
let serverResponse = "Sunrise is at \(sunrise) and sunset is at \(sunset)."
case let .Error(error):
let serverResponse = "Failure... \(error)"
}
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结构
Swift使用struct
关键字创建结构。结构支持构造器和方法这些类的特性。结构和类的最大区别在于:结构的实例按值传递(passed by value),而类的实例按引用传递(passed by reference)。
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| struct Card {
var rank: Rank
var suit: Suit
func simpleDescription() -> String {
return "The \(rank.simpleDescription()) of \(suit.simpleDescription())"
}
}
let threeOfSpades = Card(rank: .Three, suit: .Spades)
let threeOfSpadesDescription = threeOfSpades.simpleDescription()
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协议(protocol)和扩展(extension)
协议
Swift使用protocol
定义协议:
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| protocol ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String { get }
mutating func adjust()
}
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类型、枚举和结构都可以实现(adopt)协议:
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| class SimpleClass: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A very simple class."
var anotherProperty: Int = 69105
func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " Now 100% adjusted."
}
}
var a = SimpleClass()
a.adjust()
let aDescription = a.simpleDescription
struct SimpleStructure: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String = "A simple structure"
mutating func adjust() {
simpleDescription += " (adjusted)"
}
}
var b = SimpleStructure()
b.adjust()
let bDescription = b.simpleDescription
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扩展
扩展用于在已有的类型上增加新的功能(比如新的方法或属性),Swift使用extension
声明扩展:
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| extension Int: ExampleProtocol {
var simpleDescription: String {
return "The number \(self)"
}
mutating func adjust() {
self += 42
}
}
7.simpleDescription
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泛型(generics)
Swift使用<>
来声明泛型函数或泛型类型:
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| func repeat<ItemType>(item: ItemType, times: Int) -> ItemType[] {
var result = ItemType[]()
for i in 0..times {
result += item
}
return result
}
repeat("knock", 4)
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Swift也支持在类、枚举和结构中使用泛型:
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| // Reimplement the Swift standard library's optional type
enum OptionalValue<T> {
case None
case Some(T)
}
var possibleInteger: OptionalValue<Int> = .None
possibleInteger = .Some(100)
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有时需要对泛型做一些需求(requirements),比如需求某个泛型类型实现某个接口或继承自某个特定类型、两个泛型类型属于同一个类型等等,Swift通过where
描述这些需求:
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| func anyCommonElements <T, U where T: Sequence, U: Sequence, T.GeneratorType.Element: Equatable, T.GeneratorType.Element == U.GeneratorType.Element> (lhs: T, rhs: U) -> Bool {
for lhsItem in lhs {
for rhsItem in rhs {
if lhsItem == rhsItem {
return true
}
}
}
return false
}
anyCommonElements([1, 2, 3], [3])
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Swift语言概览就到这里,有兴趣的朋友请进一步阅读The Swift Programming Language。