先科普一下队列:
队列是一种特殊的线性表,特殊之处在于它只允许在表的前端(front)进行删除操作,而在表的后端(rear)进行插入操作,和栈一样,队列是一种操作受限制的线性表。进行插入操作的端称为队尾,进行删除操作的端称为队头。队列中没有元素时,称为空队列。
队列的数据元素又称为队列元素。在队列中插入一个队列元素称为入队,从队列中删除一个队列元素成为出队。因为队列只允许在一段插入,在另一端删除,所以只有最早进入队列的元素才能最先从队列中删除,故队列又称为先进先出(FIFO—first in first out)线性表。[1]
说到队列就会想到链表,那么他们的关系是怎么样的?
链表是一种数据结构,而队列是一种抽象的概念,就像栈一样。
船是一个比较抽象的概念,具体实现有木船、铁船等等。队列好比是船,链表好比是造船的材料。
队列可以用链表实现,也可以用动态数组实现,这个抽象的概念可以用各种具体的数据结构实现。
在队列的形成过程中,可以利用线性链表的原理,来生成一个队列。基于链表的队列,要动态创建和删除节点,效率较低,但是可以动态增长。
队列采用的FIFO(first in first out),新元素(等待进入队列的元素)总是被插入到链表的尾部,而读取的时候总是从链表的头部开始读取。每次读取一个元素,释放一个元素。所谓的动态创建,动态释放。因而也不存在溢出等问题。由于链表由结构体间接而成,遍历也方便。
下面看一个队列的链表实现demo
class QueueNode {
Object data; // 节点存储的数据
QueueNode next; // 指向下个节点的指针
public QueueNode() {
this(null, null);
}
public QueueNode(Object data) {
this(data, null);
}
public QueueNode(Object data, QueueNode next) {
this.data = data;
this.next = next;
}
}
public class QueueLinked {
QueueNode front; // 队首指针
QueueNode rear; // 队尾指针
public QueueLinked() {
this.rear = null;
this.front = null;
} //将一个对象追加到队列的尾部
public void enqueue(Object obj) {
//如果队列是空的
if (rear == null && front == null) {
rear = new QueueNode(obj);
front = rear;
} else {
QueueNode node = new QueueNode(obj);
rear.next = node;
rear = rear.next;
}
}
//队首对象出队
//return 出队的对象,队列空时返回null
public Object dequeue() {
//如果队列空
if (front == null) {
return null;
}
//如果队列中只剩下一个对象
if (front == rear && rear != null) {
QueueNode node = front;
rear = null;
front = null;
return node.data;
}
Object obj = front.data;
front = front.next;
return obj;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
QueueLinked q = new QueueLinked();
q.enqueue("张三");
q.enqueue("李斯");
q.enqueue("赵五");
q.enqueue("王一");
for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
System.out.println(q.dequeue());
}
}
}
队列善于处理插入和弹出的操作,再简化点说,队列适合用于流水线式的任务调度,比如大家熟悉的Handle消息队列处理,EventBus中的event分发,Afinal中Http request请求发送,下面就从源码角度看看队列的应用。
Handle消息队列
Handle 异步处理中用来存放Message对象的数据结构,按照“先进先出”的原则存放消息。存放并非实际意义的保存,而是将Message对象以链表的方式串联起来的。MessageQueue对象不需要我们自己创建,而是有Looper对象对其进行管理,一个线程最多只可以拥有一个MessageQueue。在Lopper方法中:出现了一个死循环,从队列中不断的取出message,执行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
public static final void loop() {
Looper me = myLooper();
MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
while (true) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
//if (!me.mRun) {
// break;
//}
if (msg != null) {
if (msg.target == null) {
// No target is a magic identifier for the quit message.
return;
}
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback + ": " + msg.what
);
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
if (me.mLogging!= null) me.mLogging.println(
"<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " "
+ msg.callback);
msg.recycle();
}
}
}
当添加Message的时候,调用MessageQueue 的enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)方法
final boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.when != 0) {
throw new AndroidRuntimeException(msg
+ " This message is already in use.");
}
if (msg.target == null && !mQuitAllowed) {
throw new RuntimeException("Main thread not allowed to quit");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuiting) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w("MessageQueue", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
} else if (msg.target == null) {
mQuiting = true;
}
msg.when = when;
//Log.d("MessageQueue", "Enqueing: " + msg);
Message p = mMessages;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
this.notify();
} else {
Message prev = null;
while (p != null && p.when <= when) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
}
msg.next = prev.next;
prev.next = msg;
this.notify();
}
}
return true;
}
这里可以看到添加一个message的时候,尾指针指向的改变。
EventBus中队列的使用
在eventbus 中队列节点的结构
final class PendingPost {
private final static List<PendingPost> pendingPostPool = new ArrayList<PendingPost>();
Object event;
Subscription subscription;
PendingPost next;
private PendingPost(Object event, Subscription subscription) {
this.event = event;
this.subscription = subscription;
}
}
队列的实现
package de.greenrobot.event;
final class PendingPostQueue {
private PendingPost head;
private PendingPost tail;
synchronized void enqueue(PendingPost pendingPost) {
if (pendingPost == null) {
throw new NullPointerException("null cannot be enqueued");
}
if (tail != null) {
tail.next = pendingPost;
tail = pendingPost;
} else if (head == null) {
head = tail = pendingPost;
} else {
throw new IllegalStateException("Head present, but no tail");
}
notifyAll();
}
synchronized PendingPost poll() {
PendingPost pendingPost = head;
if (head != null) {
head = head.next;
if (head == null) {
tail = null;
}
}
return pendingPost;
}
synchronized PendingPost poll(int maxMillisToWait) throws InterruptedException {
if (head == null) {
wait(maxMillisToWait);
}
return poll();
}
}
event分发的逻辑
final class HandlerPoster extends Handler {
private final PendingPostQueue queue;
private final int maxMillisInsideHandleMessage;
private final EventBus eventBus;
private boolean handlerActive;
HandlerPoster(EventBus eventBus, Looper looper, int maxMillisInsideHandleMessage) {
super(looper);
this.eventBus = eventBus;
this.maxMillisInsideHandleMessage = maxMillisInsideHandleMessage;
queue = new PendingPostQueue();
}
void enqueue(Subscription subscription, Object event) {
PendingPost pendingPost = PendingPost.obtainPendingPost(subscription, event);
synchronized (this) {
queue.enqueue(pendingPost);
if (!handlerActive) {
handlerActive = true;
if (!sendMessage(obtainMessage())) {
throw new EventBusException("Could not send handler message");
}
}
}
}
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
boolean rescheduled = false;
try {
long started = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
while (true) {
PendingPost pendingPost = queue.poll();
if (pendingPost == null) {
synchronized (this) {
// Check again, this time in synchronized
pendingPost = queue.poll();
if (pendingPost == null) {
handlerActive = false;
return;
}
}
}
eventBus.invokeSubscriber(pendingPost);
long timeInMethod = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() - started;
if (timeInMethod >= maxMillisInsideHandleMessage) {
if (!sendMessage(obtainMessage())) {
throw new EventBusException("Could not send handler message");
}
rescheduled = true;
return;
}
}
} finally {
handlerActive = rescheduled;
}
}
}
同样有个死循环,在不断的取出event,通过eventBus.invokeSubscriber(pendingPost);分发出去
看了上面的源码很容易就会发现,队列很方便的就实现的一个工作池的模型,一边在往池子里面放任务,一边在不断的从池子里面取出任务,那么在我们的实际项目中应该如何应用队列尼?
不久前,我在实现语音合成功能的时候,就发现如果用户连续的触发了两句话的发声,就会出现一起朗读的现象,那么就需要实现,不管同时触发多少个发声任务,都让他们按照先进先出的原则,先触发的先读,依次朗读,这样才是合理的,那么我就使用队列实现了一个线程池,线程池?对,说到线程池,它的内部实现也是利用队列,不信请看:ThreadPoolExecutor 的内部变量
private final BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue;
|
|
->public interface BlockingQueue<E> extends Queue<E>
也是一个队列,使用的时候同样是个死循环
final void tryTerminate() {
for (;;) {
int c = ctl.get();
if (isRunning(c) ||
runStateAtLeast(c, TIDYING) ||
(runStateOf(c) == SHUTDOWN && ! workQueue.isEmpty()))
return;
if (workerCountOf(c) != 0) { // Eligible to terminate
interruptIdleWorkers(ONLY_ONE);
return;
}
final ReentrantLock mainLock = this.mainLock;
mainLock.lock();
try {
if (ctl.compareAndSet(c, ctlOf(TIDYING, 0))) {
try {
terminated();
} finally {
ctl.set(ctlOf(TERMINATED, 0));
termination.signalAll();
}
return;
}
} finally {
mainLock.unlock();
}
// else retry on failed CAS
}
}
想到了这里,我忽然发现自己好像掌握了一门异步任务处理的大杀器。
看见多任务,不怕不怕啦,队列搞死他,不怕不怕不怕啦。