导数的话,六年级就学了,那些初等函数的导数大部分证明也是那个时候就自己证出来了,但对数函数和指数函数一直是证不出来,到了初一,高数学到 P 82 P82 P82的时候才了解到(并且发现对三角函数的证明有点假)。这些东西从初一到现在高二,总有人问我怎么证,我干脆直接这里完完整整全都写下来好了。
1.两函数乘积的导数
( f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ) ′ = f ′ ( x ) g ( x ) + f ( x ) g ′ ( x ) (f(x)\cdot g(x))'=f'(x)g(x)+f(x)g'(x) (f(x)⋅g(x))′=f′(x)g(x)+f(x)g′(x)
(
f
(
x
)
⋅
g
(
x
)
)
′
−
f
′
(
x
)
g
(
x
)
(f(x)\cdot g(x))'-f'(x)g(x)
(f(x)⋅g(x))′−f′(x)g(x)
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
⋅
(
g
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
g
(
x
)
)
Δ
x
=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)\cdot(g(x+\Delta x)-g(x))}{\Delta x}
=limΔx→0Δxf(x+Δx)⋅(g(x+Δx)−g(x))
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}f(x+\Delta x)\cdot g'(x)
=limΔx→0f(x+Δx)⋅g′(x)
=
f
(
x
)
g
′
(
x
)
=f(x)g'(x)
=f(x)g′(x)
2.复合函数求导
( f ( g ( x ) ) ) ′ = f ′ ( g ( x ) ) ⋅ g ′ ( x ) (f(g(x)))'=f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x) (f(g(x)))′=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)
本来直接
d
y
d
x
=
d
y
d
u
⋅
d
u
d
x
\frac{dy}{dx}=\frac{dy}{du}\cdot\frac{du}{dx}
dxdy=dudy⋅dxdu就好了,但我还是完整写下吧
(
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
)
′
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
g
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
)
−
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
Δ
x
(f(g(x)))'=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(g(x+\Delta x))-f(g(x))}{\Delta x}
(f(g(x)))′=limΔx→0Δxf(g(x+Δx))−f(g(x))
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
f
(
g
(
x
)
+
g
′
(
x
)
⋅
Δ
x
)
−
f
(
g
(
x
)
)
Δ
x
=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(g(x)+g'(x)\cdot\Delta x)-f(g(x))}{\Delta x}
=limΔx→0Δxf(g(x)+g′(x)⋅Δx)−f(g(x))
=
f
′
(
g
(
x
)
)
⋅
g
′
(
x
)
=f'(g(x))\cdot g'(x)
=f′(g(x))⋅g′(x)
3.sinx/x在x趋于0时的极限
lim x → 0 s i n x x = 1 \lim_{x\to0}\frac{sinx}{x}=1 limx→0xsinx=1
通过单位圆易得
c
o
s
x
<
s
i
n
x
x
<
1
(
−
π
2
<
x
<
π
2
)
cosx<\frac{sinx}{x}<1(-\frac{π}{2}<x<\frac{π}{2})
cosx<xsinx<1(−2π<x<2π)
因为
lim
x
→
0
c
o
s
x
=
1
\lim_{x\to0}cosx=1
limx→0cosx=1,又由夹逼定理,可得结论
4.正弦函数求导
(
s
i
n
x
)
′
=
c
o
s
x
(sinx)'=cosx
(sinx)′=cosx
要用到结论3
(
s
i
n
x
)
′
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
s
i
n
(
x
+
Δ
x
)
−
s
i
n
x
Δ
x
(sinx)'=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{sin(x+\Delta x)-sinx}{\Delta x}
(sinx)′=limΔx→0Δxsin(x+Δx)−sinx
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
c
o
s
(
x
+
Δ
x
/
2
)
s
i
n
(
Δ
x
/
2
)
Δ
x
/
2
=\lim_{\Delta x\to 0}\frac{cos(x+\Delta x/2)sin(\Delta x/2)}{\Delta x/2}
=limΔx→0Δx/2cos(x+Δx/2)sin(Δx/2)
=
c
o
s
x
=cosx
=cosx
5.对数函数求导
(
l
o
g
a
x
)
′
=
1
x
l
n
a
(log_ax)'=\frac{1}{xlna}
(logax)′=xlna1
(
l
o
g
a
x
)
′
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
l
o
g
a
(
1
+
Δ
x
x
)
1
Δ
x
(log_ax)'=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}log_a(1+\frac{\Delta x}{x})^{\frac{1}{\Delta x}}
(logax)′=limΔx→0loga(1+xΔx)Δx1
令
t
=
x
Δ
x
t=\frac{x}{\Delta x}
t=Δxx
原式
=
lim
Δ
x
→
0
l
o
g
a
(
1
+
1
t
)
t
x
=\lim_{\Delta x\to0}log_a(1+\frac{1}{t})^{\frac{t}{x}}
=limΔx→0loga(1+t1)xt
∵
t
→
+
∞
∵t\to+\infty
∵t→+∞,
∴
∴
∴原式
=
1
x
l
o
g
a
e
=
1
x
l
n
a
=\frac{1}{x}log_ae=\frac{1}{xlna}
=x1logae=xlna1
6.指数函数求导
( a x ) ′ = a x l n a (a^x)'=a^xlna (ax)′=axlna
隐函数求导下就好了,要用到结论2,5
y
=
a
x
y=a^x
y=ax
两边取对数:
l
n
y
=
x
l
n
a
lny=xlna
lny=xlna
两边求导:
1
y
y
′
=
l
n
a
\frac{1}{y}y'=lna
y1y′=lna
y
′
=
y
l
n
a
=
a
x
l
n
a
y'=ylna=a^xlna
y′=ylna=axlna
7.牛顿-莱布尼茨公式
∫
a
b
f
′
(
x
)
d
x
=
f
(
b
)
−
f
(
a
)
\int_a^bf'(x)dx=f(b)-f(a)
∫abf′(x)dx=f(b)−f(a)
令
Φ
(
x
)
=
∫
a
x
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
\Phi(x)=\int_a^xf'(t)dt
Φ(x)=∫axf′(t)dt
Φ
′
(
x
)
=
∫
x
x
+
Δ
x
f
′
(
t
)
d
t
Δ
x
\Phi'(x)=\frac{\int_x^{x+\Delta x}f'(t)dt}{\Delta x}
Φ′(x)=Δx∫xx+Δxf′(t)dt
根据积分中值定理
Φ
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
ξ
)
(
x
≤
ξ
≤
x
+
Δ
x
)
\Phi'(x)=f'(\xi)(x≤\xi≤x+\Delta x)
Φ′(x)=f′(ξ)(x≤ξ≤x+Δx)
因为
Δ
x
→
0
\Delta x\to0
Δx→0,所以
Φ
′
(
x
)
=
f
′
(
x
)
\Phi'(x)=f'(x)
Φ′(x)=f′(x)
Φ
(
x
)
=
f
(
x
)
+
C
\Phi(x)=f(x)+C
Φ(x)=f(x)+C
那么
Φ
(
b
)
−
Φ
(
a
)
=
f
(
b
)
−
f
(
a
)
\Phi(b)-\Phi(a)=f(b)-f(a)
Φ(b)−Φ(a)=f(b)−f(a)
8.Taylor公式
f
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
0
+
∞
f
(
n
)
(
x
0
)
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
n
!
f(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}\frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)(x-x_0)^n}{n!}
f(x)=n=0∑+∞n!f(n)(x0)(x−x0)n
我们考虑用
P
(
x
)
=
∑
n
=
0
+
∞
a
n
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
P(x)=\sum_{n=0}^{+\infty}a_n(x-x_0)^n
P(x)=∑n=0+∞an(x−x0)n近似地表示
f
(
x
)
f(x)
f(x)
因为
f
(
x
0
)
=
P
(
x
0
)
f(x_0)=P(x_0)
f(x0)=P(x0),
f
′
(
x
0
)
=
P
′
(
x
0
)
f'(x_0)=P'(x_0)
f′(x0)=P′(x0),
f
′
′
(
x
0
)
=
P
′
′
(
x
0
)
.
.
.
f''(x_0)=P''(x_0)...
f′′(x0)=P′′(x0)...
可得
a
n
=
f
(
n
)
(
x
0
)
n
!
a_n=\frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}
an=n!f(n)(x0),这个
n
!
n!
n!是
(
x
−
x
0
)
n
(x-x_0)^n
(x−x0)n求导求出来的系数,自己手算下就知道了