看代码学C++

在实验室看大牛师兄的C++代码，边看边学，并作一些小笔记。

1. C++11 中的初始化列表：统一初始化的语法和语义

参考 这里。

对于所有的初始化，均可使用“{}-初始化变量列表”：

X x1 = X{1,2};
X x2 = {1,2};     // 此处的'='可有可无
X x3{1,2};
X* p = new X{1,2};
 
struct D : X {
    D(int x, int y) :X{x,y} { /* … */ };
};
 
struct S {
    int a[3];
    // 对于旧有问题的解决方案
    S(int x, int y, int z) :a{x,y,z} { /* … */ };
};

X x{a};
X* p = new X{a};
z = X{a};         // 使用了类型转换
f({a});           // a作为函数的X型实参
return {a};       // a作为函数的X型返回值

2. Explicitly defaulted and deleted special member functions (显示默认或禁用某个成员函数)

参考 这里。

C++11 allows the explicit defaulting and deleting of these special member functions.[12] For example, the following type explicitly declares that it is using the default constructor:

struct SomeType {
    SomeType() = default; //The default constructor is explicitly stated.
    SomeType(OtherType value);
};

Alternatively, certain features can be explicitly disabled. For example, the following type is non-copyable:

struct NonCopyable {
    NonCopyable() = default;
    NonCopyable(const NonCopyable&) = delete;
    NonCopyable & operator=(const NonCopyable&) = delete;
};

The = delete specifier can be used to prohibit calling any function, which can be used to disallow calling a member function with particular parameters. For example:

struct NoInt {
    void f(double i);
    void f(int) = delete;
};

An attempt to call f() with an int will be rejected by the compiler, instead of performing a silent conversion to double. This can be generalized to disallow calling the function with any type other than double as follows:

struct OnlyDouble {
    void f(double d);
    template<class T> void f(T) = delete;
};

3. 可变参数

http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/cstdarg/va_list/

4. GNU C __attribute__ 机制

参考：

http://www.unixwiz.net/techtips/gnu-c-attributes.html

http://blog.csdn.net/ruixj/article/details/4274721

One of the best (but little known) features of GNU C is the __attribute__ mechanism, which allows a developer to attach characteristics to function declarations to allow the compiler to perform more error checking.

5. final 和 overide 关键字：避免更多的程序错误

参考：

http://www.devbean.net/2012/05/cpp11-override-final/

6. constexpr specifier (since C++11)

http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/constexpr

7. Move Constructor and the Move Assignment Operator

http://blog.smartbear.com/c-plus-plus/c11-tutorial-introducing-the-move-constructor-and-the-move-assignment-operator/

初始化的时候可以使用move提升效率，如：

base_argument(std::string n, bool a): _name(std::move(n)), _app(a) {}

8. initializer_list

http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/initializer_list/initializer_list/?kw=initializer_list

初始化数组成员时效率更高. 如：

class configure_manager {
private:
	typedef std::reference_wrapper<base_argument> ref_type;

	std::vector<ref_type> _args;
	hash_map<std::string, ref_type> _dict;

public:
	configure_manager(std::initializer_list<ref_type> ls): _args(ls) {
		for (ref_type r : ls) {
			_dict.insert({r.get().name(), r});
		}
	}
}

9. unordered_map, unordered_set

两者都是用hash表实现的，效率非常高。

10. forward 函数模板

http://www.cplusplus.com/reference/utility/forward/?kw=forward

生成右值引用。

11. decay模板

获取参数类型.

12. bind模板

可以将多参数的函数转换为指定个数参数的函数

13. atomic模板

多线程相关. 原子操作.