CISSP考试指南笔记：3.2 计算机架构

Computer architecture encompasses all of the parts of a computer system that are necessary for it to function, including the central processing unit, memory chips, logic circuits, storage devices, input and output devices, security components, buses, and networking interfaces.

The Central Processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of a computer. In the most general description possible, it fetches instructions from memory and executes them.

A register is a temporary storage location.

The actual execution of the instructions is done by the arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The ALU performs mathematical functions and logical operations on data.

The control unit manages and synchronizes the system while different applications’ code and operating system instructions are being executed. The control unit is the component that fetches the code, interprets the code, and oversees the execution of the different instruction sets.

A CPU has several different types of registers, containing information about the instruction set and data that must be executed. General registers are used to hold variables and temporary results as the ALU works through its execution steps.

Special registers (dedicated registers) hold information such as the program counter, stack pointer, and program status word (PSW). The program counter register contains  the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.

The program status word (PSW) holds different condition bits. One of the bits indicates whether the CPU should be working in user mode (also called problem state) or privileged mode (also called kernel or supervisor mode).

The CPU is connected to an address bus, which is a hardwired connection to the RAM chips in the system and the individual input/output (I/O) devices. If the CPU needs to access some data, either from memory or from an I/O device, it sends a fetch request on the address bus. The fetch request contains the address of where the needed data is located. The circuitry associated with the memory or I/O device recognizes the address the CPU sent down the address bus and instructs the memory or device to read the requested data and put it on the data bus.

The address and data buses can be 8, 16, 32, or 64 bits wide.

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