CISSP考试指南笔记：8.12 数据库管理

Database Management Software

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A database is a collection of data stored in a meaningful way that enables multiple users and applications to access, view, and modify that data as needed.

A database management system (DBMS) is a suite of programs used to manage large sets of structured data with ad hoc query capabilities for many types of users. A DBMS can also control the security parameters of the database.

Any type of database should have the following characteristics:

• It ensures consistency among the data held on several different servers throughout the network.

• It allows for easier backup procedures.

• It provides transaction persistence.

• It provides recovery and fault tolerance.

• It allows the sharing of data with multiple users.

• It provides security controls that implement integrity checking, access control, and the necessary level of confidentiality.

Transaction persistence means the database procedures carrying out transactions are durable and reliable.

Database Models

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The database model defines the relationships between different data elements; dictates how data can be accessed; and defines acceptable operations, the type of integrity offered, and how the data is organized.

A relational database model uses attributes (columns) and tuples (rows) to contain and organize information. A primary key is a field that links all the data within a record to a unique value.

A hierarchical data model combines records and fields that are related in a logical tree structure.

The hierarchical model is almost always employed when building indexes for relational databases.

The most commonly used implementation of the hierarchical model is in the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) model.

The network database model allows each data element to have multiple parent and child records.

An object-oriented database is designed to handle a variety of data types (images, audio, documents, video). An object-oriented database management system (ODBMS) is more dynamic in nature than a relational database, because objects can be created when needed and the data and procedure (called method) go with the object when it is requested.

An object-relational database (ORD) or object-relational database management system (ORDBMS) is a relational database with a software front end that is written in an object-oriented programming language.

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