64位系统由于找不到32位程序加载器而无法运行32位程序的分析过程

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/xuzhina/article/details/38352179

在

http://wiki.ok-labs.com/Microkernel

下载

arm-linux-gnueabi-4.2.4.tar.gz，sdk-xscale-3.0.tar.gz，Skyeye 1.2.1n和skyeye.conf，并按照tut-sdk-singlecell.pdf来操作, 并把

export PATH=$PATH:`pwd`/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin

加入到PATH环境变量中。

进入singlecell目录，执行make命令，得到如下错误：

make -C hello KERNEL=micro BUILD=debug
make[1]: 进入目录“/home/xuzhina/Downloads/singlecell/hello”
cp hello.xml.in build.micro-debug/bin/hello.xml
make[1]: arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gcc：命令未找到
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld -o build.micro-debug/bin/hello -Ttext=0x80000000 -L/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs 
/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/crt0.o  build.micro-debug/src/hello.o 
--start-group /home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libc.a 
/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libokl4.a  --end-group
make[1]: arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld：命令未找到
make[1]: *** [build.micro-debug/bin/hello] 错误 127
make[1]: 离开目录“/home/xuzhina/Downloads/singlecell/hello”
make: *** [hello/build.micro-debug/bin/hello.xml] 错误 2

很奇怪，怎么会找不到呢？执行一下

arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi

并按TAB键，出现这样的结果：

[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-addr2line  arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gprof
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ar         arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-as         arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-nm
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-c++        arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-objcopy
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-c++filt    arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-objdump
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-cpp        arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ranlib
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-g++        arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-readelf
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gcc        arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-size
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gcc-4.2.4  arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-strings
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gccbug     arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-strip
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-gcov

也就是说，命令是可以找到，为什么找不到呢？

把上面的错误信息中一条命令拷贝出来执行一下，

arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld -o build.micro-debug/bin/hello -Ttext=0x80000000 -L/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs 
/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/crt0.o  build.micro-debug/src/hello.o 
--start-group /home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libc.a 
/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libokl4.a  --end-group

出现这样的错误信息：

bash: /home/xuzhina/Downloads/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld: /lib/ld-linux.so.2: bad ELF interpreter: 没有那个文件或目录

一般来说，程序执行，要先由加载器把它加载到内存里，创建了进程空间，才能够执行的。从上面错误，可以看到是没有加载器，所以无法解析这个可执行文件

那为什么其它程序可以执行，比如/bin/ls?

先看一下arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld和/bin/ls的类型：

[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ file /home/xuzhina/Downloads/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld
/home/xuzhina/Downloads/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.8, not stripped
[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ file /bin/ls
/bin/ls: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=0xec333a104e045327c5e3d0ca6dda16c610a210f3, stripped

可以看到，arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld是32位的程序，/bin/ls是64位的程序。

但64位系统不是兼容运行32位程序吗？难道64位程序的加载器不一样。看一下两者的ldd结果。

[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ ldd /bin/ls
	linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fffbf1fe000)
	libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007fe71af3b000)
	libcap.so.2 => /lib64/libcap.so.2 (0x00007fe71ad36000)
	libacl.so.1 => /lib64/libacl.so.1 (0x00007fe71ab2c000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fe71a76b000)
	libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007fe71a50a000)
	liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007fe71a2e4000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fe71a0e0000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fe71b178000)
	libattr.so.1 => /lib64/libattr.so.1 (0x00007fe719edb000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fe719cbe000)
[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ ldd /home/xuzhina/Downloads/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld
	不是动态可执行文件
[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ ls /lib/ld-linux.so.2
ls: 无法访问/lib/ld-linux.so.2: 没有那个文件或目录

也就是说，要64位系统能够运行32位程序，还得安装32位的加载器。

那么，ld-linux.so.2是在哪个软件包呢，由于我的系统是centos 7，所以，我从rpmfind.net知道ld-linux.so.2属于glibc.i686。

安装了glibc.i686之后，再重新make，得到下面的结果：

[xuzhina@localhost singlecell]$ make
make -C hello KERNEL=micro BUILD=debug
make[1]: 进入目录“/home/xuzhina/Downloads/singlecell/hello”
cp hello.xml.in build.micro-debug/bin/hello.xml
arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi-ld -o build.micro-debug/bin/hello -Ttext=0x80000000 -L/home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs /home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/crt0.o  build.micro-debug/src/hello.o --start-group /home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libc.a /home/xuzhina/Downloads/sdk/okl4/xscale/micro-debug/libs/libokl4.a /home/xuzhina/Downloads/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-unknown-linux-gnueabi/4.2.4/libgcc.a --end-group
make[1]: 离开目录“/home/xuzhina/Downloads/singlecell/hello”

问题解决。