在Java的Web应用程序中通常使用过滤器(即filter)来捕获HTTP请求。但它们仅为webapps保留。Spring引入了一种新的方法来实现，更通用，称为处理程序拦截器。
本文将分3部分。第一部分来讲Spring处理程序拦截器的理论概念。第二部分，说一说默认的Spring拦截器。最后一部分老规矩，应用实战，我们将写我们自己的处理程序拦截器。
什么是Spring中的处理程序拦截器？
要了解Spring拦截器的作用，我们需要先解释一下HTTP请求的执行链。DispatcherServlet捕获每个请求。调度员做的第一件事就是将接收到的URL和相应的controller进行映射(controller必须恰到好处地处理当前的请求)。但是，在到达对应的controller之前，请求可以被拦截器处理。这些拦截器就像过滤器。只有当URL找到对应于它们的映射时才调用它们。在通过拦截器(拦截器预处理，其实也可以说前置处理)进行前置处理后，请求最终到达controller。之后，发送请求生成视图。但是在这之前，拦截器还是有可能来再次处理它(拦截器后置处理)。只有在最后一次操作之后，视图解析器才能捕获数据并输出视图。
处理程序映射拦截器基于org.springframework.web.servlet.HandlerInterceptor接口。和之前简要描述的那样，它们可以在将其发送到控制器(方法前使用preHandle)之前或之后(方法后使用postHandle)拦截请求。preHandle方法返回一个布尔值，如果返回false，则可以在执行链中执行中断请求处理。此接口中还有一个方法afterCompletion，只有在preHandler方法发送为true时才会在渲染视图后调用它(完成请求处理后的回调，即渲染视图后)。
拦截器也可以在新线程中启动。在这种情况下，拦截器必须实现org.springframework.web.servlet.AsyncHandlerInterceptor接口。它继承HandlerInterceptor并提供一个方法afterConcurrentHandlingStarted。每次处理程序得到正确执行时，都会调用此方法而不是调用postHandler()和afterCompletion()。它也可以对发送请求进行异步处理。通过Spring源码此方法注释可以知道，这个方法的典型的应用是可以用来清理本地线程变量。
/**
* Extends {@code HandlerInterceptor} with a callback method invoked after the
* start of asynchronous request handling.
*
* <p>When a handler starts an asynchronous request, the {@link DispatcherServlet}
* exits without invoking {@code postHandle} and {@code afterCompletion} as it
* normally does for a synchronous request, since the result of request handling
* (e.g. ModelAndView) is likely not yet ready and will be produced concurrently
* from another thread. In such scenarios, {@link #afterConcurrentHandlingStarted}
* is invoked instead, allowing implementations to perform tasks such as cleaning
* up thread-bound attributes before releasing the thread to the Servlet container.
*
* <p>When asynchronous handling completes, the request is dispatched to the
* container for further processing. At this stage the {@code DispatcherServlet}
* invokes {@code preHandle}, {@code postHandle}, and {@code afterCompletion}.
* To distinguish between the initial request and the subsequent dispatch
* after asynchronous handling completes, interceptors can check whether the
* {@code javax.servlet.DispatcherType} of {@link javax.servlet.ServletRequest}
* is {@code "REQUEST"} or {@code "ASYNC"}.
*
* <p>Note that {@code HandlerInterceptor} implementations may need to do work
* when an async request times out or completes with a network error. For such
* cases the Servlet container does not dispatch and therefore the
* {@code postHandle} and {@code afterCompletion} methods will not be invoked.
* Instead, interceptors can register to track an asynchronous request through
* the {@code registerCallbackInterceptor} and {@code registerDeferredResultInterceptor}
* methods on {@link org.springframework.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManager
* WebAsyncManager}. This can be done proactively on every request from
* {@code preHandle} regardless of whether async request processing will start.
*
* @author Rossen Stoyanchev
* @since 3.2
* @see org.springframework.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManager
* @see org.springframework.web.context.request.async.CallableProcessingInterceptor
* @see org.springframework.web.context.request.async.DeferredResultProcessingInterceptor
*/
public interface AsyncHandlerInterceptor extends HandlerInterceptor {
/**
* Called instead of {@code postHandle} and {@code afterCompletion}, when
* the a handler is being executed concurrently.
* <p>Implementations may use the provided request and response but should
* avoid modifying them in ways that would conflict with the concurrent
* execution of the handler. A typical use of this method would be to
* clean up thread-local variables.
* @param request the current request
* @param response the current response
* @param handler the handler (or {@link HandlerMethod}) that started async
* execution, for type and/or instance examination
* @throws Exception in case of errors
*/
void afterConcurrentHandlingStarted(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler)
throws Exception;
}拦截器和过滤器之间的区别
拦截器看起来很像servlet过滤器，为什么Spring不采用默认的Java解决方案？这其中主要区别就是两者的作用域的问题。过滤器只能在servlet容器下使用。而我们的Spring容器不一定运行在web环境中，在这种情况下过滤器就不好使了，而拦截器依然可以在Spring容器中调用。
Spring通过拦截器为请求提供了一个更细粒度的控制。就像我们之前看到的那样，它们可以在controller对请求处理之前或之后被调用，也可以在将渲染视图呈现给用户之后被调用。如果是过滤器的话，只能在将响应返回给最终用户之前使用它们。
下一个不同之处在于中断链执行的难易程度。拦截器可以通过在preHandler()方法内返回false来简单实现。而在过滤器的情况下，它就变得复杂了，因为它必须处理请求和响应对象来引发中断，需要一些额外的动作，比如如将用户重定向到错误页面。
什么是默认的Spring拦截器？
Spring主要将拦截器用于切换操作。比如我们最常用的功能之一是区域设置更改(也就是本地化更改)。请查看org.springframework.web.servlet.i18n.LocaleChangeInterceptor类中源码，可以通过我们所定义的语言环境解析器来对HTTP请求进行分析来实现。所有区域设置解析器都会分析请求元素(headers，Cookie)，以确定向用户提供哪种本地化语言设置。
另一个本地拦截器是org.springframework.web.servlet.theme.ThemeChangeInterceptor，它允许更改视图的主题(见此类的注释)。它还使用主题解析器更精确地来知道要使用的主题(参照下面preHandle方法)。它的解析器也基于请求分析(cookie，会话或参数)。
/**
* Interceptor that allows for changing the current theme on every request,
* via a configurable request parameter (default parameter name: "theme").
*
* @author Juergen Hoeller
* @since 20.06.2003
* @see org.springframework.web.servlet.ThemeResolver
*/
public class ThemeChangeInterceptor extends HandlerInterceptorAdapter {
/**
* Default name of the theme specification parameter: "theme".
*/
public static final String DEFAULT_PARAM_NAME = "theme";
private String paramName = DEFAULT_PARAM_NAME;
/**
* Set the name of the parameter that contains a theme specification
* in a theme change request. Default is "theme".
*/
public void setParamName(String paramName) {
this.paramName = paramName;
}
/**
* Return the name of the parameter that contains a theme specification
* in a theme change request.
*/
public String getParamName() {
return this.paramName;
}
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler)
throws ServletException {
String newTheme = request.getParameter(this.paramName);
if (newTheme != null) {
ThemeResolver themeResolver = RequestContextUtils.getThemeResolver(request);
if (themeResolver == null) {
throw new IllegalStateException("No ThemeResolver found: not in a DispatcherServlet request?");
}
themeResolver.setThemeName(request, response, newTheme);
}
// Proceed in any case.
return true;
}
}在Spring中自定义处理程序拦截器
我们写一个例子来简单实现HandlerInterceptor。一个乐透彩票的场景，这个自定义的拦截器将分析每个请求，并决定是否是彩票的“lottery winner”。为了简化代码逻辑，只有用于生成一个随机数并通过取模判断是否返回0的请求。
public class LotteryInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
public static final String ATTR_NAME = "lottery_winner";
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(LotteryInterceptor.class);
@Override
public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception exception) throws Exception {
LOGGER.debug("[LotteryInterceptor] afterCompletion");
}
@Override
public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView view) throws Exception {
LOGGER.debug("[LotteryInterceptor] postHandle");
}
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
LOGGER.debug("[LotteryInterceptor] preHandle");
if (request.getSession().getAttribute(ATTR_NAME) == null) {
Random random = new Random();
int i = random.nextInt(10);
request.getSession().setAttribute(ATTR_NAME, i%2 == 0);
}
return true;
}
}关于相应controller中要展示的信息:
@Controller
public class TestController {
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory.getLogger(TestController.class);
@RequestMapping(value = "/test", method = RequestMethod.GET)
public String test(HttpServletRequest request) {
LOGGER.debug("Controller asks, are you a lottery winner ? "+request.getSession().getAttribute(LotteryInterceptor.ATTR_NAME));
return "test";
}
}如果我们尝试访问/test，我们将看不到拦截器的日志，因为它没有在配置中定义。如果我们是使用注解来配置的webapp。我们需要将下面这个配置添加到应用程序的上下文文件中(Springboot配置个相应的bean就可):
<mvc:interceptors>
<bean class="com.migo.interceptors.LotteryInterceptor" />
</mvc:interceptors>现在我们可以访问/ test页面并检查日志:
[LotteryInterceptor] preHandle
Controller asks, are you a lottery winner ? false
[LotteryInterceptor] postHandle
[LotteryInterceptor] afterCompletion总结一下，拦截器是一种可以应用到整个Spring生态系统中的servlet过滤器。它们可以在请求之前或之后启动，也可以在视图呈现之后启动。它们也可以通过AsyncHandlerInterceptor接口的实现达到异步处理的效果。
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