文章目录
Keepalived案例分析
企业应用中,单台服务器承担应用存在单点故障的危险
单点故障一旦发生,企业服务将发生中断,造成极大的危害
Keepalived工具介绍
专为LVS和HA设计的一款健康检查工具
支持故障自动切换(Failover)
支撑节点健康状态检查(Health Checking)
官方网站: http://www.keepalived.org/
Keepalived实现原理剖析
Keepalived采用VRRP热备份协议
实现Linux服务器的多机热备功能
VRRP(虚拟路由冗余协议)是针对路由器的一种备份解决方案
由多台路由器组成一个热备组,通过共用的虚拟IP地址对外提供服务
每个热备组内同时只有一台主路由器提供服务,其他路由器处于冗余状态
若当前在线的路由器失效,则其他路由器会根据设置的优先级自动接替虚拟IP地址,继续提供服务
Keepalived案例讲解
Keepalived可实现多机热备,每个热备组可有多台服务器
双机热备的故障切换是由虚拟IP地址的漂移来是实现,适用于各种应用服务器
实现基于Web服务的双机热备
漂移地址:192.168.100.100
主、备服务器:192.168.100.14、192.168.100.16
提供的应用服务:Web
# Keepalived安装与启动
在LVS群集环境中应用时,也需要用到ipvsadm管理工具
YUM安装Keepalived
启用Keepalived服务
配置Keepalived master服务器
Keepalived配置目录位于/etc/Keepalived/
Keepalived.conf是主配置文件
global_defs{...}区段指定全局参数
vrrp_instance 实例名称{...}区段指定VRRP热备参数
注释文字以“!”符号开头
目录samples,提供了许多配置样例作为参考
实验:实现基于Web服务的双机热备
环境:使用LVS-DR的环境,添加一台服务器当做(备调度器)
配置备调度器(ip:192.168.100.16)
将keepalived-2.0.13.tar文件传到的root目录下
加载ip_vs模块
[root@client ~]# modprobe ip_vs
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/net/ip_vs
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
安装管理软件ipvsadm
[root@client ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/ipvsadm-1.27-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
安装编译工具
[root@client ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make popt-devel kernel-devel openssl-devel
解压缩,编译安装
[root@client ~]# tar zxvf keepalived-2.0.13.tar.gz
[root@client ~]# cd keepalived-2.0.13/
./configure --prefix=/
[root@client ~]# make && make install
加入管理系统,设置开机自启
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# cp keepalived/etc/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d/
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# systemctl enable keepalived.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.
编辑配置文件
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 清空并添加
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id LVS_02 //本服务器的名称
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 { //定义VRRP热备实例
state BACKUP //热备状态,MASTER表示主服务器,BACKUP表示偶从服务器
interface ens33 //承载VIP地址的物理接口
virtual_router_id 51 //虚拟路由器的ID号,每个热备组保持一致
priority 105 //优先级,数值越大优先级越高
advert_int 1 //通告间隔秒数(心跳频率)
authentication { //热备认证信息,每个热备组保持一致
auth_type PASS //认证类型
auth_pass 6666 //密码字符串
}
virtual_ipaddress { //指定漂流地址(VIP),可以有多个
192.168.100.100
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.100.100 80 { //虚拟服务器地址(VIP)、端口
delay_loop 6 //健康检查的间隔时间(秒)
lb_algo rr //轮询(rr)调度算法
lb_kind DR //直接路由(DR)群集工作模式
persistence_timeout 6 //连接保持时间(秒)(建议删除,可能会照成节点无法连接)
protocol TCP //应用服务器采用的是TCP协议
real_server 192.168.100.12 80 { //第一个web服务器节点的地址、端口
weight 1 //节点的权重
TCP_CHECK { //健康检查方式
connect_port 80 //检查的目标端口
connect_timeout 3 //连接超时(秒)
nb_get_retry 3 //重试次数
delay_before_retry 3 //重试间隔
}
}
real_server 192.168.100.13 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
开启服务
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# systemctl start keepalived.service
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# tail -f /var/log/messages
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# ipvsadm -Ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 192.168.100.100:80 rr persistent 6
-> 192.168.100.12:80 Route 1 0 0
-> 192.168.100.13:80 Route 1 0 0
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# ip addr show ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:58:21:84 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.100.16/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::eac8:e286:d5ea:5a4/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
配置主调度器(192.168.100.14)
将keepalived-2.0.13.tar传到主调度器的root目录下
加载ip_vs模块
[root@client ~]# modprobe ip_vs
[root@localhost ~]# cat /proc/net/ip_vs
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
安装管理软件ipvsadm
[root@client ~]# rpm -ivh /mnt/Packages/ipvsadm-1.27-7.el7.x86_64.rpm
安装编译工具
[root@client ~]# yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ make popt-devel kernel-devel openssl-devel
解压缩,编译安装
[root@client ~]# tar zxvf keepalived-2.0.13.tar.gz
[root@client ~]# cd keepalived-2.0.13/
./configure --prefix=/
[root@client ~]# make && make install
加入管理系统,设置开机自启
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# cp keepalived/etc/init.d/keepalived /etc/init.d/
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# systemctl enable keepalived.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/keepalived.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/keepalived.service.
编辑配置文件
```java
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf 清空并添加
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs {
router_id LVS_01 //本服务器的名称
}
vrrp_instance VI_1 { //定义VRRP热备实例
state MASTER //热备状态,MASTER表示主服务器,BACKUP表示备服务器
interface ens33 //承载VIP地址的物理接口
virtual_router_id 51 //虚拟路由器的ID号,每个热备组保持一致
priority 110 //优先级,数值越大优先级越高
advert_int 1 //通告间隔秒数(心跳频率)
authentication { //热备认证信息,每个热备组保持一致
auth_type PASS //认证类型
auth_pass 6666 //密码字符串
}
virtual_ipaddress { //指定漂流地址(VIP),可以有多个
192.168.100.100
}
}
virtual_server 192.168.100.100 80 { //虚拟服务器地址(VIP)、端口
delay_loop 6 //健康检查的间隔时间(秒) ()
lb_algo rr //轮询(rr)调度算法
lb_kind DR //直接路由(DR)群集工作模式
persistence_timeout 6 //连接保持时间(秒) (建议删除,不然刷新时间长)
protocol TCP //应用服务器采用的是TCP协议
real_server 192.168.100.12 80 { //第一个web服务器节点的地址、端口
weight 1 //节点的权重
TCP_CHECK { //健康检查方式
connect_port 80 //检查的目标端口
connect_timeout 3 //连接超时(秒)
nb_get_retry 3 //重试次数
delay_before_retry 3 //重试间隔
}
}
real_server 192.168.100.13 80 {
weight 1
TCP_CHECK {
connect_port 80
connect_timeout 3
nb_get_retry 3
delay_before_retry 3
}
}
}
开启服务
```java
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# systemctl start keepalived.service
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# tail -f /var/log/messages
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# ipvsadm -Ln
IP Virtual Server version 1.2.1 (size=4096)
Prot LocalAddress:Port Scheduler Flags
-> RemoteAddress:Port Forward Weight ActiveConn InActConn
TCP 192.168.100.100:80 rr persistent 6
-> 192.168.100.12:80 Route 1 0 0
-> 192.168.100.13:80 Route 1 0 0
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# ip addr show ens33
2: ens33: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
link/ether 00:0c:29:58:21:84 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
inet 192.168.100.16/24 brd 192.168.100.255 scope global ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet 192.168.100.100/32 scope global ens33
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
inet6 fe80::eac8:e286:d5ea:5a4/64 scope link
valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
配置web1服务器
安装httpd服务
[root@web1 ~]# yum -y install httpd
挂载NFS服务
[root@web1 ~]# mount 192.168.100.14:/opt/web1 /var/www/html
查看权限
[root@web1 ~]# showmount -e 192.168.100.14
Export list for 192.168.100.14:
/opt/web2 192.168.100.13
/opt/web1 192.168.100.12
开启httpd服务
[root@web1 ~]# systemctl start httpd
本机访问
[root@web1 ~]# curl http://localhost
<h1>server1</h1>
配置DR模式
[root@web1 ~]# vi web1.sh
#!/bin/bash
# web1
ifconfig lo:0 192.168.100.100 broadcast 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 up
route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
sysctl -p &> /dev/null
执行脚本
[root@web1 ~]# sh web1.sh
查看端口信息
[root@web1 ~]# ifconfig
......
lo:0: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
......
配置web2服务器
安装httpd服务
[root@web2 ~]# yum -y install httpd
挂载NFS服务
[root@web2 ~]# mount 192.168.100.14:/opt/web2 /var/www/html
查看权限
[root@web2 ~]# showmount -e 192.168.100.14
Export list for 192.168.100.14:
/opt/web2 192.168.100.13
/opt/web1 192.168.100.12
开启httpd服务
[root@web2 ~]# systemctl start httpd
本机访问
[root@web2 ~]# curl http://localhost
<h1>server2</h1>
配置DR模式
[root@web2 ~]# vi web2.sh
#!/bin/bash
# web2
ifconfig lo:0 192.168.100.100 broadcast 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255 up
route add -host 192.168.100.100 dev lo:0
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_ignore
echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_ignore
echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/lo/arp_announce
echo "2" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/conf/all/arp_announce
sysctl -p &> /dev/null
执行脚本
[root@web2 ~]# sh web2.sh
查看端口信息
[root@web2 ~]# ifconfig
......
lo:0: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING> mtu 65536
inet 192.168.100.100 netmask 255.255.255.255
loop txqueuelen 1 (Local Loopback)
......
web服务器与NFS服务器的配置与上一篇一致
安装NFS服务
[root@nfs-server ~]# yum -y install rpcbind nfs-utils
创建测试目录并新建网页
[root@nfs-server ~]# mkdir -p /opt/web1
[root@nfs-server ~]# mkdir -p /opt/web2
[root@nfs-server ~]# echo 'server1' > /opt/web1/index.html
[root@nfs-server ~]# echo 'server2' > /opt/web2/index.html
设置访问权限
[root@nfs-server ~]# vi /etc/exports
/opt/web1 192.168.100.12(ro)
/opt/web2 192.168.100.13(ro)
开启服务并开机自启
[root@nfs-server ~]# systemctl start nfs
[root@nfs-server ~]# systemctl start rpcbind
[root@nfs-server ~]# systemctl enable nfs
[root@nfs-server ~]# systemctl enable rpcbind
查看访问权限
[root@nfs-server ~]# showmount -e
Export list for nfs-server:
/opt/web2 192.168.100.13
/opt/web1 192.168.100.12
第三步:测试访问
测试web1和web2的ip访问
测试虚拟IP的状态
主调度器上查看效果
模拟主调度器故障,验证结果
关闭主调度器keepalived
[root@server2 ~]# systemctl stop keepalived.service
查看备调度器状态以及日志
[root@localhost keepalived-2.0.13]# tail -f /var/log/messages
发现虚拟地址漂移到备调度器上
查看备调度器连接状态
开启主调度器并查看状态
[root@server2 ~]# systemctl start keepalived.service
[root@server2 ~]# tail -f /var/log/messages
发现虚拟地址又回到调度器上
模拟web服务器故障,查看状态
关闭web1的httpd服务
[root@server1 ~]# systemctl stop httpd
测试网页只能看见web2的网页
查看主调度器节点状态
开启web1服务又开始轮询了
[root@server1 ~]# systemctl restart httpd