Javaweb

最新推荐文章于 2022-10-09 11:26:22 发布

xxmuq

最新推荐文章于 2022-10-09 11:26:22 发布

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分类专栏： Javaweb 文章标签： web

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/xxmuq/article/details/114044049

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1、Servlet

1.1、开发servlet程序

编写一个类，实现servlet接口

package com.servlet;

import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.PrintWriter;

public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        //响应类型
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        //设置字符编码
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        //获取响应输出流
        PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter();
        //输出HelloServlet！
        writer.print("HelloServlet！");
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

把类部署到web服务器

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
         xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
         xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
                      http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_1.xsd"
         version="3.1"
         metadata-complete="true">
    <!--注册servlet-->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>helloServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>com.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
    </servlet>
    <!--servlet映射-->
    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>helloServlet</servlet-name>
        <!--请求路径-->
        <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

1.2、Servlet原理

在这里插入图片描述

1.3、Context对象

1、数据共享

//Servlet1,放置信息
public class Context extends HttpServlet {
    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        String user = "Tom";
        //获取ServletContext对象
        ServletContext context = req.getServletContext();
        //将数据保存在ServletContext对象中：设置键值对
        context.setAttribute("user",user);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req, resp);
    }
}
//Servlet2，读取信息
public class GetContext extends HttpServlet {

    @Override
    protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        ServletContext context = req.getServletContext();
        String user = (String) context.getAttribute("user");
        resp.setContentType("text/html");
        resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        resp.getWriter().print(user);
    }

    @Override
    protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
        doPost(req, resp);
    }
}

2、获取默认参数

ServletContext context = req.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");

<context-param>
    <param-name>url</param-name>
    <param-value>aaa</param-value>
</context-param>

3、请求转发

url 地址栏路径不改变

ServletContext context = req.getServletContext();
context.getRequestDispatcher("/hello").forward(req, resp);

4、读取资源文件

ServletContext context = req.getServletContext();
//获得文件流
InputStream is = context.getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
//读取Properties文件
prop.load(is);
String name = prop.getProperty("name");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("pwd");

1.4、Response

服务器的响应

1、文件下载

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //1.获取下载文件的路径，此处为绝对路径
    String realPath = "G:\\Servlet\\src\\main\\resources\\图.jpg";
    //2.设置下载的文件名
    String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
    //3.使浏览器支持下载，URLEncoder.encode(filename,"UTF-8")改成中文编码
    resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(filename,"UTF-8"));
    //4.获取下载文件输入流
    FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(realPath);
    //5.创建buffer缓冲区
    int len = 0;
    byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
    //6.获取OutputStream对象
    ServletOutputStream os = resp.getOutputStream();
    //7.将FileOutputStream流写入到缓冲区
    while ((len=fis.read(buffer))>0){
        //8.使用OutputStream将缓冲区数据输出到客户端
        os.write(buffer,0,len);
    }
    //9.关闭流
    os.close();
    fis.close();
}

2、验证码生成

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //在内存中创建图片
    BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
    //得到笔
    Graphics2D graphics = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
    graphics.setColor(Color.white);						//设置画笔颜色
    graphics.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);					//填充背景颜色
    graphics.setColor(Color.black);						//设置画笔颜色
    graphics.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));   	//设置画笔字体样式
    graphics.drawString(makenum(), 0, 20);         		//写字
    //让浏览器使用图片方式打开
    resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
    //使浏览器5秒刷新一次
    resp.setHeader("refresh", "2");
    //禁止浏览器缓存
    resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
    resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
    resp.setHeader("pragma", "no-cache");
    //把图片写给浏览器
    ImageIO.write(image, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}

//生成随机数
private String makenum() {
    Random random = new Random();
    //用0填充，保证随机数是4位数
    String num = random.nextInt(9999) + "";
    StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
    for (int i = 0; i < 4 - num.length(); i++) {
        sb.append("0");
    }
    
    return num += sb.toString();
}

3、重定向

一个web资源收到客户端的请求后，让客户端访问另一个资源。

重定向和转发的区别：重定向会改变url地址栏，转发不会。

resp.sendRedirect("/重定向路径");

利用重定向实现 jsp 页面跳转

<!--index.jsp-->
<form action="/rediret">
    <input type="submit">
</form>

<!--success.jsp-->
<h1>success！</h1>

protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    resp.sendRedirect("/success.jsp");
}

<servlet>
    <servlet-name>rediret</servlet-name>
    <servlet-class>com.servlet.RedirectServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
    <servlet-name>rediret</servlet-name>
    <url-pattern>/rediret</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>

1.5、Request

客户端的请求

1、获取客户端数据参数（登录功能）

<!--index.jsp-->
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" pageEncoding="UTF-8"%>
<html>
<head>
    <title>登录</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>
    <form action="/login" method="post">
        用户名：<input type="text" name="name"><br>
        密码：<input type="password" name="pwd"><br>
        <input type="submit">
    </form>
</div>
</body>
</html>
<!--success.jsp-->
<!--error.jsp-->

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //设置接收的数据参数编码为utf-8
    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    //接收的数据参数
    String name = req.getParameter("name");
    String pwd = req.getParameter("pwd");
    //判断后跳转
    if (name.equals("a") && pwd.equals("123")) {
        resp.sendRedirect("/success.jsp");
    } else {
        resp.sendRedirect("/error.jsp");
    }
}

2、Cookie

Cookie是由服务器端生成，浏览器会将Cookie的key/value保存到某个目录下的文本文件内，下次请求同一网站时就发送该Cookie给服务器。

Cookie的处理分为：

服务器像客户端发送cookie
浏览器将cookie保存
之后每次http请求浏览器都会将cookie发送给服务器端

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    //解决中文乱码
    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    //创建输出流
    PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
    //从客户端获取Cookies
    //Cookie[] cookies = req.getCookies();
    //判断Cookie是否存在
    /*if(cookies!=null){
            for (Cookie cookie : cookies) {
                out.write(cookie.getName());
                out.write(cookie.getValue());
            }
        }else {
            out.write("第一次访问");
        }*/
    //服务器给客户端响应cookie
    Cookie cookie = new Cookie("name", "aaa");
    resp.addCookie(cookie);
    out.write(cookie.getName());
    out.write(cookie.getValue());
    //设置有效期
    cookie.setMaxAge(60*60);
    //关闭流
    out.close();
}

一个cookie只能保存一个信息
一个web站点可以发送多个cookie，最多存放20个cookie
cookie最大4kb
浏览器上限300个cookie
不设置有效期的cookie，关闭浏览器就失效

3、session

当访问服务器某个网页的时候，会在服务器端的内存里开辟一块内存，这块内存就叫做session，而这个内存是跟浏览器关联在一起的。

打开客户端，Session便存在，关闭客户端，Session便注销。
Session不仅仅存储信息，还能够储存对象等其他数据。
Session与Cookie的区别在于Session是记录在服务端的，而Cookie是记录在客户端的。

protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
    PrintWriter out = resp.getWriter();
    //获取Session
    HttpSession session = req.getSession();
    //判断Session是否新建
    if(session.isNew()){
        out.write("New session");
    }else {
        out.write("Old session");
    }
    /*//存数据到Session
    session.setAttribute("name","name");
    //获取Session数据
    String name = (String) session.getAttribute("name");
    out.write(name);
    //删除Session数据
    session.removeAttribute("name");
    //手动注销Session
    session.invalidate();*/
}

可以再web.xml设置Session过期时间

<session-config>
    <session-timeout>60</session-timeout>
</session-config>

4、JSP

Java Server Pages：java服务器端页面。可以在jsp中嵌入java，为用户提供动态数据。

jsp本质是servlet

4.1、JSP流程

在这里插入图片描述

4.2、JSP基础语法

JSP支持Java所有语法
JSP在<% %>中写Java
JSP声明会被编译到生成的java类中，其他的生成到_jspService方法

4.3、JSP指令

1、page

<%@ page 
    errorPage="error.jsp" 		//错误跳转页面
    import="java.util.Date" 	//导包
%>

一般也可以在 web.xml 配置错误页面

<error-page>
    <error-code>500</error-code>
    <location>/error/500.jsp</location>
</error-page>
<error-page>
    <error-code>404</error-code>
    <location>/error/404.jsp</location>
</error-page>

2、include

<%@ include file="/common/header.jsp"%>		//包含的公有文件显示，一般写在body中

<jsp:include page="common/header.jsp"/>		//标签写法

4.4、JSP内置对象

PageContext
Request
Response
Session
Applicatio【ServletContext】
config 【ServletConfig】
out
page
exception

<body>
<%
    pageContext.setAttribute("a","1");		//保存的数据只在一个页面有效
    request.setAttribute("b","2");			//只在一次请求中有效，请求转发会携带这个数据
    session.setAttribute("c","3");			//只在一次会话中有效，从打开浏览器到关闭浏览器
    application.setAttribute("d","4");		//只在服务器有效，从打开服务器到关闭服务器
%>
<%
    String a = (String) pageContext.getAttribute("a");
    String b = (String) pageContext.findAttribute("b");
    String c = (String) pageContext.findAttribute("c");
    String d = (String) pageContext.findAttribute("d");
%>
<%=a%>
<%out.print(b);%>
<%--EL表达式取值--%>
${c}
${d}
</body>

4.5~7都需要导包：jstl-api，standard

4.5、EL表达式

获取数据
执行运算
获取web开发中的常用对象
```
${param.参数名}
```

4.6、JSP标签

<jsp:include page="jsp1.jsp"/>      //包含该页面
<jsp:forward page="jsp2.jsp">       //转发到该页面
    <jsp:param name="name" value="value"/>   //传递值
</jsp:forward>

4.7、JSTL标签

JSP标准标签库（JSTL）是一个JSP标签集合，它封装了JSP应用的通用核心功能。

使用JSTL需要在tomcat中也添加jstl-api，standard

5、JavaBean

实体类

一般要有无参构造
属性私有
get，set方法
和数据库字段做映射

6、MVC

在这里插入图片描述

Model：模型层

业务处理：Service
数据库持久层：Dao
实体类：JavaBean，pojo，entity

View：视图层（Html，Jsp）

Controller：控制层（Servlet）

7、过滤器

在这里插入图片描述

注意过滤器导包是：import javax.servlet.Filter;

编写过滤器

public class CharacterEncodingFilter implements Filter {
    @Override
    public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
        servletResponse.setContentType("text/html");
        servletResponse.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        servletRequest.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
        filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest,servletResponse);//使请求往下交接，必写
    }

    //初始化
    @Override
    public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {}

    //销毁
    @Override
    public void destroy() {}
}

注册过滤器

<filter>
    <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>com.filter.CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>CharacterEncodingFilter</filter-name>
    <!--指定请求经过过滤器-->
    <servlet-name>helloServlet</servlet-name>
    <!--servlet下所有请求都要经过过滤器-->
    <url-pattern>/servlet/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

过滤器实现拦截直接进入登录成功页面

//判断是否登录成功
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    String name = req.getParameter("name");
    if(name.equals("admin")){
        //登陆成功设置Session信息
        req.getSession().setAttribute("id",req.getSession().getId());
        resp.sendRedirect("/sys/first.jsp");
    }else {
        resp.sendRedirect("/error.jsp");
    }
}

//登出移除Session信息
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
    HttpSession session = req.getSession();
    if (session.getAttribute("id")!=null) {
        session.removeAttribute("id");
        resp.sendRedirect("/login.jsp");
    }else {
        resp.sendRedirect("/login.jsp");
    }
}

//过滤器
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
    //因为ServletRequest没有getSession方法，所以先进行强制转换
    HttpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
    HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;
    //拦截未经过登录进入其他页面的操作
    if(request.getSession().getAttribute("id")==null){
        response.sendRedirect("/error.jsp");
    }

    filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest, servletResponse);
}

<!--过滤器拦截直接进入sys目录下的所有请求-->
<filter>
    <filter-name>filter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>com.filter.SysFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>filter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/sys/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>

tpServletRequest request = (HttpServletRequest) servletRequest;
HttpServletResponse response = (HttpServletResponse) servletResponse;
//拦截未经过登录进入其他页面的操作
if(request.getSession().getAttribute(“id”)==null){
response.sendRedirect("/error.jsp");
}

filterChain.doFilter(servletRequest, servletResponse);

}


```xml
<!--过滤器拦截直接进入sys目录下的所有请求-->
<filter>
    <filter-name>filter</filter-name>
    <filter-class>com.filter.SysFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
    <filter-name>filter</filter-name>
    <url-pattern>/sys/*</url-pattern>
</filter-mapping>