POI简介-HSSH使用

 

2008-06-25 11:12

一．POI简介 Jakarta POI 是apache的子项目，目标是处理ole2对象。它提供了一组操纵Windows文档的Java API 。目前比较成熟的是HSSF接口，处理MS Excel（97-2002）对象。它不象我们仅仅是用csv生成的没有格式的可以由Excel转换的东西，而是真正的Excel对象，你可以控制一些属性如sheet,cell等等。 二．HSSF概况 HSSF 是Horrible SpreadSheet Format的缩写，也即“讨厌的电子表格格式”。 也许HSSF的名字有点滑稽，就本质而言它是一个非常严肃、正规的API。通过HSSF，你可以用纯Java代码来读取、写入、修改Excel文件。 HSSF 为读取操作提供了两类API：usermodel和eventusermodel，即“用户模型”和“事件-用户模型”。前者很好理解，后者比较抽象，但操作效率要高得多。 三．开始编码 1 ． 准备工作 要求:JDK 1.4+POI开发包 可以到 http://www.apache.org/dyn/closer.cgi/jakarta/poi/ 最新的POI工具包 2 ． EXCEL 结构 HSSFWorkbook excell 文档对象介绍 HSSFSheet excell的表单 HSSFRow excell的行 HSSFCell excell的格子单元 HSSFFont excell字体 HSSFName 名称 HSSFDataFormat 日期格式 HSSFHeader sheet头 HSSFFooter sheet尾 和这个样式 HSSFCellStyle cell样式 辅助操作包括 HSSFDateUtil 日期 HSSFPrintSetup 打印 HSSFErrorConstants 错误信息表 4 ． 可参考文档 POI 主页：http://jakarta.apache.org/poi/， 初学者如何快速上手使用POI HSSF http://jakarta.apache.org/poi/hssf/quick-guide.html 。 代码例子 http://blog.java-cn.com/user1/6749/archives/2005/18347.html 里面有很多例子代码，可以很方便上手。 四．使用心得 POI HSSF 的usermodel包把Excel文件映射成我们熟悉的结构，诸如Workbook、Sheet、Row、Cell等，它把整个结构以一组对象的形式保存在内存之中，便于理解，操作方便，基本上能够满足我们的要求，所以说这个一个不错的选择。 1.创建工作簿 (WORKBOOK)    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    3. wb.write(fileOut);    4. fileOut.close(); 2.创建工作表（SHEET）    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. HSSFSheet sheet2 = wb.createSheet("second sheet");    4. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    5. wb.write(fileOut);    6. fileOut.close(); 3.创建单元格(CELL)    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.    4. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short)0);    5. // Create a cell and put a value in it.    6. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short)0);    7. cell.setCellValue(1);    8. // Or do it on one line.    9. row.createCell((short)1).setCellValue(1.2);    10. row.createCell((short)2).setCellValue("This is a string");    11. row.createCell((short)3).setCellValue(true);    12. // Write the output to a file    13. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    14. wb.write(fileOut);    15. fileOut.close(); 4.创建指定单元格式的单元格    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.    4. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short)0);    5. // Create a cell and put a date value in it. The first cell is not styled    6. // as a date.    7. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short)0);    8. cell.setCellValue(new Date());    9. // we style the second cell as a date (and time). It is important to    10. // create a new cell style from the workbook otherwise you can end up    11. // modifying the built in style and effecting not only this cell but other cells.    12. HSSFCellStyle cellStyle = wb.createCellStyle();    13. cellStyle.setDataFormat(HSSFDataFormat.getBuiltinFormat("m/d/yy h:mm"));    14. cell = row.createCell((short)1);    15. cell.setCellValue(new Date());    16. cell.setCellStyle(cellStyle);    17. // Write the output to a file    18. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    19. wb.write(fileOut);    20. fileOut.close(); 5. 单元格的不同格式    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short)2);    4. row.createCell((short) 0).setCellValue(1.1);    5. row.createCell((short) 1).setCellValue(new Date());    6. row.createCell((short) 2).setCellValue("a string");    7. row.createCell((short) 3).setCellValue(true);    8. row.createCell((short) 4).setCellType(HSSFCell.CELL_TYPE_ERROR);    9. // Write the output to a file    10. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    11. wb.write(fileOut);    12. fileOut.close(); 6.单元格的不通对齐方式    1. public static void main(String[] args)    2. throws IOException    3. {    4. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    5. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    6. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 2);    7. createCell(wb, row, (short) 0, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_CENTER);    8. createCell(wb, row, (short) 1, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_CENTER_SELECTION);    9. createCell(wb, row, (short) 2, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_FILL);    10. createCell(wb, row, (short) 3, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_GENERAL);    11. createCell(wb, row, (short) 4, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_JUSTIFY);    12. createCell(wb, row, (short) 5, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_LEFT);    13. createCell(wb, row, (short) 6, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_RIGHT);    14. // Write the output to a file    15. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    16. wb.write(fileOut);    17. fileOut.close();    18. }    19. /**    20. * Creates a cell and aligns it a certain way.    21. *    22. * @param wb the workbook    23. * @param row the row to create the cell in    24. * @param column the column number to create the cell in    25. * @param align the alignment for the cell.    26. */    27. private static void createCell(HSSFWorkbook wb, HSSFRow row, short column, short align)    28. {    29. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell(column);    30. cell.setCellValue("Align It");    31. HSSFCellStyle cellStyle = wb.createCellStyle();    32. cellStyle.setAlignment(align);    33. cell.setCellStyle(cellStyle);    34. } 7.单元格的边框设置    1. //Working with borders    2. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    3. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    4. // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.    5. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 1);    6. // Create a cell and put a value in it.    7. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short) 1);    8. cell.setCellValue(4);    9. // Style the cell with borders all around.    10. HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();    11. style.setBorderBottom(HSSFCellStyle.BORDER_THIN);    12. style.setBottomBorderColor(HSSFColor.BLACK.index);    13. style.setBorderLeft(HSSFCellStyle.BORDER_THIN);    14. style.setLeftBorderColor(HSSFColor.GREEN.index);    15. style.setBorderRight(HSSFCellStyle.BORDER_THIN);    16. style.setRightBorderColor(HSSFColor.BLUE.index);    17. style.setBorderTop(HSSFCellStyle.BORDER_MEDIUM_DASHED);    18. style.setTopBorderColor(HSSFColor.BLACK.index);    19. cell.setCellStyle(style);    20. // Write the output to a file    21. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    22. wb.write(fileOut);    23. fileOut.close(); 8.填充和颜色设置    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.    4. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 1);    5. // Aqua background    6. HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();    7. style.setFillBackgroundColor(HSSFColor.AQUA.index);    8. style.setFillPattern(HSSFCellStyle.BIG_SPOTS);    9. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short) 1);    10. cell.setCellValue("X");    11. cell.setCellStyle(style);    12. // Orange "foreground", foreground being the fill foreground not the font color.    13. style = wb.createCellStyle();    14. style.setFillForegroundColor(HSSFColor.ORANGE.index);    15. style.setFillPattern(HSSFCellStyle.SOLID_FOREGROUND);    16. cell = row.createCell((short) 2);    17. cell.setCellValue("X");    18. cell.setCellStyle(style);    19. // Write the output to a file    20. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    21. wb.write(fileOut);    22. fileOut.close(); 9.合并单元格操作    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 1);    4. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short) 1);    5. cell.setCellValue("This is a test of merging");    6. sheet.addMergedRegion(new Region(1,(short)1,1,(short)2));    7. // Write the output to a file    8. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    9. wb.write(fileOut);    10. fileOut.close(); 9.1合并单元格边框的解决办法    1. private void setRegionStyle(HSSFSheet sheet, Region region , HSSFCellStyle cs) {    2.        int toprowNum = region.getRowFrom();    3.        for (int i = region.getRowFrom(); i <= region.getRowTo(); i ++) {    4.            HSSFRow row = HSSFCellUtil.getRow(i, sheet);    5.            for (int j = region.getColumnFrom(); j <= region.getColumnTo(); j++) {    6.                HSSFCell cell = HSSFCellUtil.getCell(row, (short)j);    7.                cell.setCellStyle(cs);    8.            }    9.        }    10. } 10.字体设置    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. // Create a row and put some cells in it. Rows are 0 based.    4. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 1);    5. // Create a new font and alter it.    6. HSSFFont font = wb.createFont();    7. font.setFontHeightInPoints((short)24);    8. font.setFontName("Courier New");    9. font.setItalic(true);    10. font.setStrikeout(true);    11. // Fonts are set into a style so create a new one to use.    12. HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();    13. style.setFont(font);    14. // Create a cell and put a value in it.    15. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short) 1);    16. cell.setCellValue("This is a test of fonts");    17. cell.setCellStyle(style);    18. // Write the output to a file    19. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    20. wb.write(fileOut);    21. fileOut.close(); 11.自定义颜色    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet();    3. HSSFRow row = sheet.createRow((short) 0);    4. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell((short) 0);    5. cell.setCellValue("Default Palette");    6. //apply some colors from the standard palette,    7. // as in the previous examples.    8. //we'll use red text on a lime background    9. HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();    10. style.setFillForegroundColor(HSSFColor.LIME.index);    11. style.setFillPattern(HSSFCellStyle.SOLID_FOREGROUND);    12. HSSFFont font = wb.createFont(); 13. font.setColor(HSSFColor.RED.index);    14. style.setFont(font);    15. cell.setCellStyle(style);    16. //save with the default palette    17. FileOutputStream out = new FileOutputStream("default_palette.xls");    18. wb.write(out);    19. out.close();    20. //now, let's replace RED and LIME in the palette    21. // with a more attractive combination    22. // (lovingly borrowed from freebsd.org)    23. cell.setCellValue("Modified Palette");    24. //creating a custom palette for the workbook    25. HSSFPalette palette = wb.getCustomPalette();    26. //replacing the standard red with freebsd.org red    27. palette.setColorAtIndex(HSSFColor.RED.index,    28. (byte) 153, //RGB red (0-255)    29. (byte) 0, //RGB green    30. (byte) 0 //RGB blue    31. );    32. //replacing lime with freebsd.org gold    33. palette.setColorAtIndex(HSSFColor.LIME.index, (byte) 255, (byte) 204, (byte) 102);    34. //save with the modified palette    35. // note that wherever we have previously used RED or LIME, the    36. // new colors magically appear    37. out = new FileOutputStream("modified_palette.xls");    38. wb.write(out);    39. out.close(); 12.读和重写EXCEL文件    1. POIFSFileSystem fs =    2. new POIFSFileSystem(new FileInputStream("workbook.xls"));    3. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs);    4. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);    5. HSSFRow row = sheet.getRow(2);    6. HSSFCell cell = row.getCell((short)3);    7. if (cell == null)    8. cell = row.createCell((short)3);    9. cell.setCellType(HSSFCell.CELL_TYPE_STRING);    10. cell.setCellValue("a test");    11. // Write the output to a file    12. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    13. wb.write(fileOut);    14. fileOut.close(); 13.在EXCEL单元格中使用自动换行    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet s = wb.createSheet();    3. HSSFRow r = null;    4. HSSFCell c = null;    5. HSSFCellStyle cs = wb.createCellStyle();    6. HSSFFont f = wb.createFont();    7. HSSFFont f2 = wb.createFont();    8. cs = wb.createCellStyle();    9. cs.setFont( f2 );    10. //Word Wrap MUST be turned on    11. cs.setWrapText( true );    12. r = s.createRow( (short) 2 );    13. r.setHeight( (short) 0x349 );    14. c = r.createCell( (short) 2 );    15. c.setCellType( HSSFCell.CELL_TYPE_STRING );    16. c.setCellValue( "Use /n with word wrap on to create a new line" );    17. c.setCellStyle( cs );    18. s.setColumnWidth( (short) 2, (short) ( ( 50 * 8 ) / ( (double) 1 / 20 ) ) );    19. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream( "workbook.xls" );    20. wb.write( fileOut );    21. fileOut.close(); 14.数字格式自定义    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");    3. HSSFCellStyle style;    4. HSSFDataFormat format = wb.createDataFormat();    5. HSSFRow row;    6. HSSFCell cell;    7. short rowNum = 0;    8. short colNum = 0;    9. row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);    10. cell = row.createCell(colNum);    11. cell.setCellValue(11111.25);    12. style = wb.createCellStyle();    13. style.setDataFormat(format.getFormat("0.0"));    14. cell.setCellStyle(style);    15. row = sheet.createRow(rowNum++);    16. cell = row.createCell(colNum);    17. cell.setCellValue(11111.25);    18. style = wb.createCellStyle();    19. style.setDataFormat(format.getFormat("#,##0.0000"));    20. cell.setCellStyle(style);    21. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    22. wb.write(fileOut);    23. fileOut.close(); 15.调整工作单位置    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");    3. HSSFPrintSetup ps = sheet.getPrintSetup();    4. sheet.setAutobreaks(true);    5. ps.setFitHeight((short)1);    6. ps.setFitWidth((short)1); // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.    7. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    8. wb.write(fileOut);    9. fileOut.close(); 16.设置打印区域    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("Sheet1");    3. wb.setPrintArea(0, "$A$1:$C$2");    4. //sets the print area for the first sheet    5. //Alternatively:    6. //wb.setPrintArea(0, 0, 1, 0, 0) is equivalent to using the name reference (See the JavaDocs for more details)    7. // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.    8. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    9. wb.write(fileOut);    10. fileOut.close(); 17.标注脚注    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("format sheet");    3. HSSFFooter footer = sheet.getFooter()    4. footer.setRight( "Page " + HSSFFooter.page() + " of " + HSSFFooter.numPages() );      5. // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.    6. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    7. wb.write(fileOut);    8. fileOut.close(); 18.使用方便的内部提供的函数    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet( "new sheet" );    3. // Create a merged region    4. HSSFRow row = sheet1.createRow( (short) 1 );    5. HSSFRow row2 = sheet1.createRow( (short) 2 );    6. HSSFCell cell = row.createCell( (short) 1 );    7. cell.setCellValue( "This is a test of merging" );    8. Region region = new Region( 1, (short) 1, 4, (short) 4 );    9. sheet1.addMergedRegion( region );    10. // Set the border and border colors.    11. final short borderMediumDashed = HSSFCellStyle.BORDER_MEDIUM_DASHED;    12. HSSFRegionUtil.setBorderBottom( borderMediumDashed,    13. region, sheet1, wb );    14. HSSFRegionUtil.setBorderTop( borderMediumDashed,    15. region, sheet1, wb );    16. HSSFRegionUtil.setBorderLeft( borderMediumDashed,    17. region, sheet1, wb );    18. HSSFRegionUtil.setBorderRight( borderMediumDashed,    19. region, sheet1, wb );    20. HSSFRegionUtil.setBottomBorderColor(HSSFColor.AQUA.index, region, sheet1, wb);    21. HSSFRegionUtil.setTopBorderColor(HSSFColor.AQUA.index, region, sheet1, wb);    22. HSSFRegionUtil.setLeftBorderColor(HSSFColor.AQUA.index, region, sheet1, wb);    23. HSSFRegionUtil.setRightBorderColor(HSSFColor.AQUA.index, region, sheet1, wb);    24. // Shows some usages of HSSFCellUtil    25. HSSFCellStyle style = wb.createCellStyle();    26. style.setIndention((short)4);    27. HSSFCellUtil.createCell(row, 8, "This is the value of the cell", style);    28. HSSFCell cell2 = HSSFCellUtil.createCell( row2, 8, "This is the value of the cell");    29. HSSFCellUtil.setAlignment(cell2, wb, HSSFCellStyle.ALIGN_CENTER);    30. // Write out the workbook    31. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream( "workbook.xls" );    32. wb.write( fileOut );    33. fileOut.close(); 19.在工作单中移动行，调整行的上下位置    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("row sheet");    3. // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.    4. // Shift rows 6 - 11 on the spreadsheet to the top (rows 0 - 5)    5. sheet.shiftRows(5, 10, -5);    6. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    7. wb.write(fileOut);    8. fileOut.close(); 20.选种指定的工作单    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("row sheet");    3. sheet.setSelected(true);    4. // Create various cells and rows for spreadsheet.    5. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    6. wb.write(fileOut);    7. fileOut.close(); 21.工作单的放大缩小    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet1 = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. sheet1.setZoom(3,4); // 75 percent magnification    4. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    5. wb.write(fileOut);    6. fileOut.close(); 22.头注和脚注    1. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook();    2. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.createSheet("new sheet");    3. HSSFHeader header = sheet.getHeader();    4. header.setCenter("Center Header");    5. header.setLeft("Left Header");    6. header.setRight(HSSFHeader.font("Stencil-Normal", "Italic") +    7. HSSFHeader.fontSize((short) 16) + "Right w/ Stencil-Normal Italic font and size 16");    8. FileOutputStream fileOut = new FileOutputStream("workbook.xls");    9. wb.write(fileOut);    10. fileOut.close(); 23.图片的使用    1. //先把读进来的图片放到一个ByteArrayOutputStream中，以便产生ByteArray    2. ByteArrayOutputStream byteArrayOut = new ByteArrayOutputStream();    3. BufferedImage bufferImg = ImageIO.read(new File("ok.jpg"));    4. ImageIO.write(bufferImg,"jpg",byteArrayOut);    5.    6. //读进一个excel模版    7. FileInputStream fos = new FileInputStream(filePathName+"/stencil.xlt");    8. fs = new POIFSFileSystem(fos);    9. //创建一个工作薄    10. HSSFWorkbook wb = new HSSFWorkbook(fs);    11. HSSFSheet sheet = wb.getSheetAt(0);    12. HSSFPatriarch patriarch = sheet.createDrawingPatriarch();    13. HSSFClientAnchor anchor = new HSSFClientAnchor(0,0,1023,255,(short) 0,0,(short)10,10);    14. patriarch.createPicture(anchor ,    wb.addPicture(byteArrayOut.toByteArray(),HSSFWorkbook.PICTURE_TYPE_JPEG)); //-------------------------------以上实例代码均来自官方网站 //-------------------------------POI中使用的颜色是用颜色索引来实现，如下： /* * 颜色对照表 数字代表颜色索引 8： BLACK 60： BROWN 59： OLIVE_GREEN 58： DARK_GREEN 56： DARK_TEAL 18： DARK_BLUE 32： DARK_BLUE 62： INDIGO 63： GREY_80_PERCENT 53： ORANGE 19： DARK_YELLOW 17： GREEN 21： TEAL 38： TEAL 12： BLUE 39： BLUE 54： BLUE_GREY 23： GREY_50_PERCENT 10： RED 52： LIGHT_ORANGE 50： LIME 57： SEA_GREEN 49： AQUA 48： LIGHT_BLUE 20： VIOLET 36： VIOLET 55： GREY_40_PERCENT 14： PINK 33： PINK 51： GOLD 13： YELLOW 34： YELLOW 11： BRIGHT_GREEN 35： BRIGHT_GREEN 15： TURQUOISE 35： TURQUOISE 16： DARK_RED 37： DARK_RED 40： SKY_BLUE 61： PLUM 25： PLUM 22： GREY_25_PERCENT 45： ROSE 43： LIGHT_YELLOW 42： LIGHT_GREEN 41： LIGHT_TURQUOISE 27：LIGHT_TURQUOISE 44： PALE_BLUE 46： LAVENDER 9： WHITE 24： CORNFLOWER_BLUE 26： LEMON_CHIFFON 25： MAROON 28： ORCHID 29： CORAL 30： ROYAL_BLUE 31： LIGHT_CORNFLOWER_BLUE */ //----------------------------------------------------你可以按上面的方法来自定义颜色 /* * 自定义颜色，去掉注释，贴加，其他则查看颜色对照表 HSSFPalette palette = this.getCustomPalette(); palette.setColorAtIndex(idx, i, //RGB red (0-255) j, //RGB green k //RGB blue ); */ //-------------------------------------------------