Spring依赖注入的四种方法

依赖注入( Dependency Injection ，简称 DI) 与控制反转 (IoC) 的含义相同，只不过这两个称呼是从两个角度描述的同一个概念。

• 依赖：bean对象的创建依赖于容器。
• 注入：bena对象中的所有属性，由容器来注入。
• 控制反转(IoC：依赖注入的另一种说法是“控制反转”，通俗的理解是：平常我们new一个实例，这个实例的控制权是我们程序员，而控制反转是指new实例工作不由我们程序员来做而是交给spring容器来做。

需要相关的jar包：

    <dependencies>
        <!-- https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.springframework/spring-context -->
        <dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-context</artifactId>
            <version>5.3.5</version>
        </dependency>
        <dependency>
            <groupId>junit</groupId>
            <artifactId>junit</artifactId>
            <version>4.12</version>
            <scope>test</scope>
        </dependency>
    </dependencies>

1. 构造器注入

Dao层

public interface UserDao {
    public void save();
}

public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    public void save(){
        System.out.println("save running...");
    }
}

Service层

public interface UserService {
    public void save();
}

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    private UserDao userDao;

    // 构造器注入
    public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }

    // setter方法注入
    /*public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }*/

    public void save() {
        userDao.save();
        System.out.println("save runned...");
    }
}

applicationContext.xml配置文件

    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>

测试类

    /**
     * 依赖注入测试
     */
    @Test
    public void TestIoC (){
        ApplicationContext app = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        UserService userService = (UserService) app.getBean("userService");
        userService.save();
    }

运行结果：

save running...
save runned...

---

注：解决构造方法参数的不确定性，你可能会遇到构造方法传入的两参数都是同类型的，为了分清哪个该赋对应值，xml配置文件则需要进行一些小处理，如：

    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="springDao" class="dao.impl.SpringDaoImpl"></bean>

    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
        <constructor-arg index="1" ref="springDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>

<!-- 另一种是设置参数类型 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="springDao" class="dao.impl.SpringDaoImpl"></bean>

    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg type="java.lang.Integer" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
        <constructor-arg type="java.lang.String" ref="springDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>

<!-- 另一种是设置参数名字 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="springDao" class="dao.impl.SpringDaoImpl"></bean>

    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg name="userDao" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
        <constructor-arg name="springDao" ref="springDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>

2. 属性setter方式注入(比较常用)

Dao层

public interface UserDao {
    public void save();
}

public class UserDaoImpl implements UserDao {
    public void save(){
        System.out.println("save running...");
    }
}

Service层

public interface UserService {
    public void save();
}

public class UserServiceImpl implements UserService {
    private UserDao userDao;

    // 构造器注入
    /*public UserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }*/

    // setter方法注入
    public void setUserDao(UserDao userDao) {
        this.userDao = userDao;
    }

    public void save() {
        userDao.save();
        System.out.println("save runned...");
    }
}

applicationContext.xml配置文件

    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>-->

    <!-- setter方法注入 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
    </bean>

测试类

    /**
     * 依赖注入测试
     */
    @Test
    public void TestIoC (){
        ApplicationContext app = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("applicationContext.xml");
        UserService userService = (UserService) app.getBean("userService");
        userService.save();
    }

运行结果：

save running...
save runned...

3. p命名空间

在setter方法注入的基础上进行修改

在applicationContext.xml配置文件中添加第三方约束：xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
       
    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>-->

    <!-- setter方法注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
    </bean>-->

    <!-- p命名空间，通过setter方法注入 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl"
          p:userDao-ref="userDao">
    </bean>
    
</Beans>

4. c命名空间

同理，在使用前导入第三方约束xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
       xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
       xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
       xmlns:c="http://www.springframework.org/schema/c"
       xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
       
    <!-- 构造器注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <constructor-arg index="0" ref="userDao"></constructor-arg>
    </bean>-->

    <!-- setter方法注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl">
        <property name="userDao" ref="userDao"></property>
    </bean>-->

    <!-- p命名空间，通过setter方法注入 -->
    <!--<bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl"
          p:userDao-ref="userDao">
    </bean>-->

    <!-- c命名空间，通过构造器注入，即在实体类中需有有参构造和无参构造 -->
    <bean id="userDao" class="dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>
    <bean id="userService" class="service.impl.UserServiceImpl"
          c:userDao-ref="userDao">
    </bean>
    
</Beans>