一、重入锁和读写锁的引入
在Java多线程中，我们知道可以使用synchronized关键字来实现线程间的同步互斥工作，那么其实还有一个更优秀的机制去完成这个“同步互斥”工作，它就是Lock对象，我们主要学习两种锁，重入锁和读写锁。它们具有比synchronized更为强大的功能，并且有嗅探锁定、多路分支等功能。
二、重入锁（ReentrantLock）
重入锁(ReentrantLock)是一个java.util.concurrent.locks包下实现了Lock接口的类，如下所示：
public class ReentrantLock implements Lock{
...
}重入锁在需要进行同步的代码部分加上锁定，但不要忘记最后一定要释放锁定，不然会造成锁永远无法释放，其它线程永远进不来的结果。
2.1 线程t1释放锁，线程t2获得锁
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class UseReentrantLock {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void method1() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method1..");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method1..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2..");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method2..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantLock ur = new UseReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ur.method1();
}
}, "t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ur.method2();
}
}, "t2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果为：
当前线程:t1进入method1..
当前线程:t1退出method1..
当前线程:t2进入method2..
当前线程:t2退出method2..线程t2在执行method2的时候由于线程t1释放锁了，所以线程t2可以获取到锁，method2方法正常运行。
2.2 线程t1未释放锁，线程t2阻塞
像下面这种情况由于线程t1未释放锁，线程t2一直处于阻塞状态：
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class UseReentrantLock {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void method1() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method1..");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method1..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
//lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2..");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method2..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantLock ur = new UseReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ur.method1();
}
}, "t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ur.method2();
}
}, "t2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}执行上述代码，可以看到仅仅线程t1的执行结果进行了打印，线程t2由于未获得锁一直处于阻塞状态
当前线程:t1进入method1..
当前线程:t1退出method1..2.3 线程t1未释放锁，线程t1可以再次获得锁
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class UseReentrantLock {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
public void method1() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method1..");
Thread.sleep(1000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method1..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
}
}
public void method2() {
lock.lock();
try {
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入method2..");
Thread.sleep(2000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出method2..");
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantLock ur = new UseReentrantLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
ur.method1();
ur.method2();
}
}, "t1");
t1.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果为：
当前线程:t1进入method1..
当前线程:t1退出method1..
当前线程:t1进入method2..
当前线程:t1退出method2..可以看到线程t1在执行method1方法时虽然未释放锁，但是线程t1在执行method2时需要获得锁任然可以再次获得锁，即实现了锁重入的功能。
三、锁与等待/通知
还记得我们在使用synchronized的时候，如果需要多线程间进行协作工作则需要Object的wait()和notify()、notifyAlI()方法进行配合工作。那么同样，我们在使用Lock的时候，可以使用一个新的等待/通知的类，它就是Condition。这个Condition一定是针对具体某一把锁的。也就是在只有锁的基础之上才会产生Condition。
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Lock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class UseCondition {
private Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition condition = lock.newCondition();
public void method1() {
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入..");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "释放锁..");
condition.await(); // Object wait
System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "继续执行...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void method2() {
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入..");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程：" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "发出唤醒..");
condition.signal(); //Object notify
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseCondition uc = new UseCondition();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
uc.method1();
}
}, "t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
uc.method2();
}
}, "t2");
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果：
当前线程：t1进入..
当前线程：t1释放锁..
当前线程：t2进入..
当前线程：t2发出唤醒..
当前线程：t1继续执行...此处需要特别注意的是t2线程的唤醒操作是不会释放锁的，必须在调用了lock.unlock()方法以后才能释放锁。
四、多Condition
我们可以通过一个Lock对象产生多个Condition进行多线程间的交互，非常的灵活。可以使得部分需要唤醒的线程唤醒，其他线程则继续等待通知。
import java.util.concurrent.locks.Condition;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock;
public class UseManyCondition {
private ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
private Condition c1 = lock.newCondition();
private Condition c2 = lock.newCondition();
public void m1(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入方法m1等待..");
c1.await();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "方法m1继续..");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void m2(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入方法m2等待..");
c1.await();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "方法m2继续..");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void m3(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入方法m3等待..");
c2.await();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "方法m3继续..");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void m4(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "唤醒..");
c1.signalAll();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public void m5(){
try {
lock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程：" +Thread.currentThread().getName() + "唤醒..");
c2.signal();
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseManyCondition umc = new UseManyCondition();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
umc.m1();
}
},"t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
umc.m2();
}
},"t2");
Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
umc.m3();
}
},"t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
umc.m4();
}
},"t4");
Thread t5 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
umc.m5();
}
},"t5");
t1.start(); // c1
t2.start(); // c1
t3.start(); // c2
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
t4.start(); // c1
try {
Thread.sleep(2000);
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
t5.start(); // c2
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果：
当前线程：t1进入方法m1等待..
当前线程：t3进入方法m3等待..
当前线程：t2进入方法m2等待..
当前线程：t4唤醒..
当前线程：t1方法m1继续..
当前线程：t2方法m2继续..
当前线程：t5唤醒..
当前线程：t3方法m3继续..c1.signalAll()表示唤醒所有线程，c2.signal()表示随机唤醒一个线程
五、Lock/Condition的其它用法
公平锁与非公平锁：
Lock lock = new ReentrantLock(boolean isFair);Lock用法：
tryLock()：尝试获得锁，根据嗅探获得结果用true/false返回，不会产生锁等待
tryLock(long timeout, TimeUnit unit)：在给定的时间内尝试获得锁,获得结果用truelfalse返回
isFair()：是否是公平锁
isLocked()：是否锁定
getHoldCount()：查询当前线程保持此锁的个数，也就是调用lock()次数
lockInterruptibly()：优先响应中断的锁
getQueueLength()：返回正在等待获取此锁定的线程数
getWaitQueueLength()：返回等待与锁定相关的给定条件Condition的线程数
hasQueuedThread(Thread thread)：查询指定的线程是否正在等待此锁
hasQueuedThreads()：查询是否有线程正在等待此锁
hasWaiters()：查询是否有线程正在等待与此锁定有关的condition条件
六、读写锁（ReentrantReadWriteLock）
ReadWriteLock是 java.util.concurrent.locks 包下的一个接口，ReentrantReadWriteLock是java.util.concurrent.locks 包下的一个类，ReentrantReadWriteLock(读写锁)是ReadWriteLock的一个实现类。
package java.util.concurrent.locks;
public interface ReadWriteLock {
...
}package java.util.concurrent.locks;
public class ReentrantReadWriteLock implements ReadWriteLock{
...
}读写锁ReentrantReadWriteLock，其核心就是实现读写分离的锁。在高并发访问下，尤其是读多写少的情况下，性能要远高于重入锁。
之前学synchronized、ReentrantLock时，我们知道，同一时间内，只能有一个线程进行访问被锁定的代码，那么读写锁则不同，其本质是分成两个锁，即读锁、写锁。在读锁下，多个线程可以并发的进行访问，但是在写锁的时候，只能一个一个的顺序访问。
口诀：读读共享，写写互斥、读写互斥
6.1 读读共享
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock;
public class UseReentrantReadWriteLock {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock rwLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private ReadLock readLock = rwLock.readLock();
public void read(){
try {
readLock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入...");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
readLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantReadWriteLock urrw = new UseReentrantReadWriteLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.read();
}
}, "t1");
Thread t2 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.read();
}
}, "t2");
//多个读操作的线程可以并发的去执行
t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出内容为：
当前线程:t2进入...
当前线程:t1进入...
当前线程:t1退出...
当前线程:t2退出...如果是进行读操作的话，多个线程可以并发的访问
6.2 读写互斥
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.ReadLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock;
public class UseReentrantReadWriteLock {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock rwLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private ReadLock readLock = rwLock.readLock();
private WriteLock writeLock = rwLock.writeLock();
public void read(){
try {
readLock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入...");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
readLock.unlock();
}
}
public void write(){
try {
writeLock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入...");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
writeLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantReadWriteLock urrw = new UseReentrantReadWriteLock();
Thread t1 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.read();
}
}, "t1");
Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.write();
}
}, "t3");
//读写互斥
t1.start();
t3.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果为：
当前线程:t1进入...
当前线程:t1退出...
当前线程:t3进入...
当前线程:t3退出...可以看到只有当线程t1的读锁释放以后，线程t2才能获取到写锁
6.3 写写互斥
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock;
import java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantReadWriteLock.WriteLock;
public class UseReentrantReadWriteLock {
private ReentrantReadWriteLock rwLock = new ReentrantReadWriteLock();
private WriteLock writeLock = rwLock.writeLock();
public void write(){
try {
writeLock.lock();
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "进入...");
Thread.sleep(3000);
System.out.println("当前线程:" + Thread.currentThread().getName() + "退出...");
} catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
writeLock.unlock();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
final UseReentrantReadWriteLock urrw = new UseReentrantReadWriteLock();
Thread t3 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.write();
}
}, "t3");
Thread t4 = new Thread(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
urrw.write();
}
}, "t4");
// 写写互斥
t3.start();
t4.start();
}
}执行上述代码，其输出结果为：
当前线程:t3进入...
当前线程:t3退出...
当前线程:t4进入...
当前线程:t4退出...可以看到只有当线程t3的读锁释放以后，线程t4才能获取到读锁
七、锁的优化
1、避免死锁
2、减小锁的持有时间
3、减小锁的粒度
4、锁的分离
5、尽量使用无锁的操作，如原子操作(Atomic系列类)，锁升级优化
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