不同Shell的特性

下表列出了标准shell(sh), Bourne Again SHell (bash), Korn shell (ksh) 和 C shell (csh)之间的主要区别.

	Shell兼容性
	既然Bash是 sh 的超集，那么所有的 sh 命令将仍然能在bash里面工作，但是反之则不然。 bash 有很多自己的特性，而且，就像下表证明的，很多特性混合自其他shell。 既然Turbo C shell是 csh 的超集，那么所有的 csh 命令也能在 tcsh 里面工作，但是反之不然。

表  不同shell的特性

sh	bash	ksh	csh	Meaning/Action
$	$	$	%	默认用户提示
	>|	>|	>!	强制重定向
> file 2>&1	&> file 或者 > file 2>&1	> file 2>&1	>& file	重定向标准输出和标准错误到 文件
	{ }		{ }	扩展列表中的元素
`command`	`command` or $(command)	$(command)	`command`	Substitute output of enclosed command
$HOME	$HOME	$HOME	$home	Home目录
	~	~	~	Home目录符号
	~+, ~-, dirs	~+, ~-	=-, =N	访问目录栈
var=value	VAR=value	var=value	set var=value	变量赋值
export var	export VAR=value	export var=val	setenv var val	设置环境变量
	${nnnn}	${nn}		More than 9 arguments can be referenced
"$@"	"$@"	"$@"		All arguments as separate words
$#	$#	$#	$#argv	Number of arguments
$?	$?	$?	$status	Exit status of the most recently executed command
$!	$!	$!		PID of most recently backgrounded process
$-	$-	$-		Current options
. file	source file or . file	. file	source file	Read commands in file
	alias x='y'	alias x=y	alias x y	Name x stands for command y
case	case	case	switch or case	Choose alternatives
done	done	done	end	End a loop statement
esac	esac	esac	endsw	End case or switch
exit n	exit n	exit n	exit (expr)	Exit with a status
for/do	for/do	for/do	foreach	Loop through variables
	set -f, set -o nullglob|dotglob|nocaseglob|noglob		noglob	Ignore substitution characters for filename generation
hash	hash	alias -t	hashstat	Display hashed commands (tracked aliases)
hash cmds	hash cmds	alias -t cmds	rehash	Remember command locations
hash -r	hash -r		unhash	Forget command locations
	history	history	history	List previous commands
	ArrowUp+Enter or !!	r	!!	Redo previous command
	!str	r str	!str	Redo last command that starts with “str”
	!cmd:s/x/y/	r x=y cmd	!cmd:s/x/y/	Replace “x” with “y” in most recent command starting with “cmd”, then execute.
if [ $i -eq 5 ]	if [ $i -eq 5 ]	if ((i==5))	if ($i==5)	Sample condition test
fi	fi	fi	endif	End if statement
ulimit	ulimit	ulimit	limit	Set resource limits
pwd	pwd	pwd	dirs	打印工作目录
read	read	read	$<	Read from terminal
trap 2	trap 2	trap 2	onintr	忽略中断
	unalias	unalias	unalias	去除别名
until	until	until		开始 until 循环
while/do	while/do	while/do	while	开始 while 循环

Bash还有很多这里没有列出的特性。这个表 Bourne Again SHell has many more features not listed here. This table is just to give you an idea of how this shell incorporates all useful ideas from other shells: there are no blanks in the column for bash. More information on features found only in Bash can be retrieved from the Bash info pages, in the “Bash Features” section.

更多信息：

You should at least read one manual, being the manual of your shell. The preferred choice would be info bash, bash being the GNU shell and easiest for beginners. Print it out and take it home, study it whenever you have 5 minutes