下面我们触发一些变化,并观察ETag是否改变。为这个Owner增加了一个Pet:
----------------------------------------------------------
http://localhost:8080/petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10
GET /petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.4) Gecko/20070515 Firefox/2.0.0.4
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Keep-Alive: 300
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: http://localhost:8080/petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10
Cookie: JSESSIONID=13D2E0CB63897F4EDB56639E46D2BBD8
X-lori-time-1: 1182364356265
HTTP/1.x 200 OK
Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1
Pragma: No-cache
Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Language: en-US
Content-Length: 2174
Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:32:57 GMT
----------------------------------------------------------
http://localhost:8080/petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10
POST /petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.4) Gecko/20070515 Firefox/2.0.0.4
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Keep-Alive: 300
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: http://localhost:8080/petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10
Cookie: JSESSIONID=13D2E0CB63897F4EDB56639E46D2BBD8
X-lori-time-1: 1182364402968
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 40
name=Noddy&birthDate=1000-11-11&typeId=5
HTTP/1.x 302 Moved Temporarily
Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1
Pragma: No-cache
Expires: Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT
Cache-Control: no-cache, no-store
Location: http://localhost:8080/petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10
Content-Language: en-US
Content-Length: 0
Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:33:23 GMT
因为我们没有为addPet.htm配置ETag,所以不设置相关的响应头。现在,我们再次访问Owener 10,注意相应中的ETag成为了1:
----------------------------------------------------------
http://localhost:8080/petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10
GET /petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.4) Gecko/20070515 Firefox/2.0.0.4
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Keep-Alive: 300
Connection: keep-alive
Referer: http://localhost:8080/petclinic/addPet.htm?ownerId=10
Cookie: JSESSIONID=13D2E0CB63897F4EDB56639E46D2BBD8
X-lori-time-1: 1182364403109
If-Modified-Since: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:29:03 GMT
If-None-Match: "-1"
HTTP/1.x 200 OK
Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1
Etag: "1"
Last-Modified: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:33:36 GMT
Content-Type: text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1
Content-Language: en-US
Content-Length: 4317
Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:33:45 GMT
最后,我们再次请求Owener 10,这次ETag起了作用,我们接受到了一个304未改变信息。
----------------------------------------------------------
http://localhost:8080/petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10
GET /petclinic/owner.htm?ownerId=10 HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows; U; Windows NT 5.1; en-US; rv:1.8.1.4) Gecko/20070515 Firefox/2.0.0.4
Accept: text/xml,application/xml,application/xhtml+xml,text/html;q=0.9,text/plain;q=0.8,image/png,*/*;q=0.5
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip,deflate
Accept-Charset: ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7
Keep-Alive: 300
Connection: keep-alive
Cookie: JSESSIONID=13D2E0CB63897F4EDB56639E46D2BBD8
X-lori-time-1: 1182364493500
If-Modified-Since: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:33:36 GMT
If-None-Match: "1"
HTTP/1.x 304 Not Modified
Server: Apache-Coyote/1.1
Date: Wed, 20 Jun 2007 18:34:55 GMT
如此,我们使用HTTP缓存降低了带宽占用,缩短了处理周期。
The Fine Print: 事实上,采用更细粒度的对象变化跟踪,例如使用对象标识。可以更大程度的提高效率。但是,页面和实体之间的关联很大程度上是由系统中的数据模型设计决定的。上面的实现(ModifiedObjectTracker)是一个说明性的例子,谜底是为更深入的尝试提供思路。上面的实现的目的不是应用于实际的生产环境中(例如不适用于集群环境),一种更远的考虑是使用数据库的触发器跟踪数据变化,让拦截器监测触发器输出结果所在的数据表。
结论
我们已经看到了使用ETag降低贷款占用和缩短处理周期的两种方法。我所希望的是这篇文章为你现在和将来的Web应用项目提供了一种思路,以及对底层的ETag响应头的正确理解和使用。
正如牛顿所说,“如果我看得更远,那是因为我站在巨人的肩膀上”。作为REST的核心,这种风格的应用程序讲的是简单、优雅的软件设计,不重复发明轮子。我相信了解和使用REST风格的架构的核心是主流应用程序开发的一个好的发展,并且我盼望着在以后的开发中能够抬起它的未来。
关于作者
Gavin Terrill是BPS的CTO。从事Java企业级应用开发20年以上。现在依然拒绝发布他的TRS-80。在空闲时间,Gavin喜欢航行、钓鱼、吉他和一饮而尽高质量的红葡萄酒(不一定要按这个顺序来)。