8.13 from组件

8.13 from组件

Django Form 组件用于对页面进行初始化,生成 HTML 标签,此外还可以对用户提交的数据进行校验(显示错误信息)。

报错信息显示顺序:

先显示字段属性中的错误信息,然后再显示局部钩子的错误信息。

若显示了字段属性的错误信息,就不会显示局部钩子的错误信息。

若有全局钩子,则全局钩子是等所有的数据都校验完,才开始进行校验,并且全局钩子的错误信息一定会显示。

使用 Form 组件,需要先导入 forms:

from django import forms

接下来我们在 app01 目录下创建一个 My_forms.py:

app01/My_forms.py

from django import forms

from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

from app01 import models

class EmpForm(forms.Form):

    name = forms.CharField(min_length=4, label="姓名", error_messages={"min_length": "你太短了", "required": "该字段不能为空!"})

    age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄")

    salary = forms.DecimalField(label="工资")

字段属性:

label:输入框前面的文本信息。

error_message:自定义显示的错误信息,属性值是字典, 其中 required 为设置不能为空时显示的错误信息的 key。

app01/views.py

from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse

from app01.My_Forms import EmpForm

from app01 import models

from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

# Create your views here.

def add_emp(request):

    if request.method == "GET":

        form = EmpForm()

        return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form})

    else:

        form = EmpForm(request.POST)

        if form.is_valid():  # 进行数据校验

            # 校验成功

            data = form.cleaned_data  # 校验成功的值,会放在cleaned_data里。

            data.pop('r_salary')

            print(data)

            models.Emp.objects.create(**data)

            return HttpResponse(

                'ok'

            )

            # return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form})

        else:

            print(form.errors)    # 打印错误信息

            clean_errors = form.errors.get("__all__")

            print(222, clean_errors)

        return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clean_errors": clean_errors})

app01/urls.py 文件添加以下规则:

path('add_emp/', views.add_emp)

HTML 模版:

app01/add_emp.html

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

    <meta charset="UTF-8">

    <title></title>

</head>

<body>

<h3>添加员工</h3>

{#1、自己手动写HTML页面#}

<form action="" method="post">

    <p>姓名:<input type="text" name="name"></p>

    <p>年龄:<input type="text" name="age"></p>

    <p>工资:<input type="text" name="salary"></p>

    <input type="submit">

</form>

{#2、通过form对象的as_p方法实现#}

{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}

{#    {% csrf_token %}#}

{#    {{ form.as_p }}#}

{#    <input type="submit">#}

{#</form>#}

{#3、手动获取form对象的字段#}

{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}

{#    {% csrf_token %}#}

{#    <div>#}

{#        <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label>#}

{#        {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>#}

{#    </div>#}

{#    <div>#}

{#        <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label>#}

{#        {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span>#}

{#    </div>#}

{#    <div>#}

{#        <label for="id_salary">工资</label>#}

{#        {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}</span>#}

{#    </div>#}

{#    <input type="submit">#}

{#</form>#}

{#4、用for循环展示所有字段#}

{#<form action="" method="post" novalidate>#}

{#    {% csrf_token %}#}

{#    {% for field in form %}#}

{#        <div>#}

{#            <label for="id_{{ field.name }}">{{ field.label }}</label>#}

{#            {{ field }} <span>{{ field.errors.0 }}</span>#}

{#        </div>#}

{#    {% endfor %}#}

{#    <input type="submit">#}

{#</form>#}

</body>

</html>

运行结果如下图所示:

局部钩子和全局钩子

定义 Form 类:

app01/My_forms.py

from django import forms

from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

from app01 import models

class EmpForm(forms.Form):

    name = forms.CharField(min_length=5, label="姓名", error_messages={"required": "该字段不能为空!",

                                                                     "min_length": "用户名太短。"})

    age = forms.IntegerField(label="年龄")

    salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="工资")

    r_salary = forms.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2, label="请再输入工资")

    def clean_name(self):  # 局部钩子

        val = self.cleaned_data.get("name")

        if val.isdigit():

            raise ValidationError("用户名不能是纯数字")

        elif models.Emp.objects.filter(name=val):

            raise ValidationError("用户名已存在!")

        else:

            return val

    def clean(self):  # 全局钩子 确认两次输入的工资是否一致。

        val = self.cleaned_data.get("salary")

        r_val = self.cleaned_data.get("r_salary")

        if val == r_val:

            return self.cleaned_data

        else:

            raise ValidationError("请确认工资是否一致。")

views.py 文件代码:

app01/views.py

def add_emp(request):

    if request.method == "GET":

        form = EmpForm()  # 初始化form对象

        return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form":form})

    else:

        form = EmpForm(request.POST)  # 将数据传给form对象

        if form.is_valid():  # 进行校验

            data = form.cleaned_data

            data.pop("r_salary")

            models.Emp.objects.create(**data)

            return redirect("/index/")

        else:  # 校验失败

            clear_errors = form.errors.get("__all__")  # 获取全局钩子错误信息

            return render(request, "add_emp.html", {"form": form, "clear_errors": clear_errors})

模板文件代码如下:

app01/add_emp.html

<form action="" method="post" novalidate>

    {% csrf_token %}

    <div>

        <label for="id_{{ form.name.name }}">姓名</label>

        {{ form.name }} <span>{{ form.name.errors.0 }}</span>

    </div>

    <div>

        <label for="id_{{ form.age.name }}">年龄</label>

        {{ form.age }} <span>{{ form.age.errors.0 }}</span>

    </div>

    <div>

        <label for="id_salary">工资</label>

        {{ form.salary }} <span>{{ form.salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span>

    </div>

    <div>

        <label for="id_r_salary">请再输入工资</label>

        {{ form.r_salary }} <span>{{ form.r_salary.errors.0 }}{{ clear_errors.0 }}</span>

    </div>

    <input type="submit">

</form>

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