一、概述
errno是全局变量,Linux中系统调用的错误都存储于 errno中,errno由操作系统维护,存储就近发生的错误,即下一次的错误码会覆盖掉上一次的错误。
只有当系统调用或者调用lib函数时出错,才会置位errno!
二、错误码
1.Linux中,在头文件 /usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h 对基础常用errno进行了宏定义
[root@Node_B build]# cat /usr/include/asm-generic/errno-base.h
#ifndef _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_BASE_H
#define _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_BASE_H
#define EPERM 1 /* Operation not permitted */
#define ENOENT 2 /* No such file or directory */
#define ESRCH 3 /* No such process */
#define EINTR 4 /* Interrupted system call */
#define EIO 5 /* I/O error */
#define ENXIO 6 /* No such device or address */
#define E2BIG 7 /* Argument list too long */
#define ENOEXEC 8 /* Exec format error */
#define EBADF 9 /* Bad file number */
#define ECHILD 10 /* No child processes */
#define EAGAIN 11 /* Try again */
#define ENOMEM 12 /* Out of memory */
#define EACCES 13 /* Permission denied */
#define EFAULT 14 /* Bad address */
#define ENOTBLK 15 /* Block device required */
#define EBUSY 16 /* Device or resource busy */
#define EEXIST 17 /* File exists */
#define EXDEV 18 /* Cross-device link */
#define ENODEV 19 /* No such device */
#define ENOTDIR 20 /* Not a directory */
#define EISDIR 21 /* Is a directory */
#define EINVAL 22 /* Invalid argument */
#define ENFILE 23 /* File table overflow */
#define EMFILE 24 /* Too many open files */
#define ENOTTY 25 /* Not a typewriter */
#define ETXTBSY 26 /* Text file busy */
#define EFBIG 27 /* File too large */
#define ENOSPC 28 /* No space left on device */
#define ESPIPE 29 /* Illegal seek */
#define EROFS 30 /* Read-only file system */
#define EMLINK 31 /* Too many links */
#define EPIPE 32 /* Broken pipe */
#define EDOM 33 /* Math argument out of domain of func */
#define ERANGE 34 /* Math result not representable */
#endif
2.在/usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h路径下对另外的错误码进行了定义
[root@Node_B build]# cat /usr/include/asm-generic/errno.h
#ifndef _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_H
#define _ASM_GENERIC_ERRNO_H
#include <asm-generic/errno-base.h>
#define EDEADLK 35 /* Resource deadlock would occur */
#define ENAMETOOLONG 36 /* File name too long */
#define ENOLCK 37 /* No record locks available */
#define ENOSYS 38 /* Function not implemented */
#define ENOTEMPTY 39 /* Directory not empty */
#define ELOOP 40 /* Too many symbolic links encountered */
#define EWOULDBLOCK EAGAIN /* Operation would block */
#define ENOMSG 42 /* No message of desired type */
#define EIDRM 43 /* Identifier removed */
#define ECHRNG 44 /* Channel number out of range */
#define EL2NSYNC 45 /* Level 2 not synchronized */
#define EL3HLT 46 /* Level 3 halted */
#define EL3RST 47 /* Level 3 reset */
#define ELNRNG 48 /* Link number out of range */
#define EUNATCH 49 /* Protocol driver not attached */
#define ENOCSI 50 /* No CSI structure available */
#define EL2HLT 51 /* Level 2 halted */
#define EBADE 52 /* Invalid exchange */
#define EBADR 53 /* Invalid request descriptor */
#define EXFULL 54 /* Exchange full */
#define ENOANO 55 /* No anode */
#define EBADRQC 56 /* Invalid request code */
#define EBADSLT 57 /* Invalid slot */
#define EDEADLOCK EDEADLK
#define EBFONT 59 /* Bad font file format */
#define ENOSTR 60 /* Device not a stream */
#define ENODATA 61 /* No data available */
#define ETIME 62 /* Timer expired */
#define ENOSR 63 /* Out of streams resources */
#define ENONET 64 /* Machine is not on the network */
#define ENOPKG 65 /* Package not installed */
#define EREMOTE 66 /* Object is remote */
#define ENOLINK 67 /* Link has been severed */
#define EADV 68 /* Advertise error */
#define ESRMNT 69 /* Srmount error */
#define ECOMM 70 /* Communication error on send */
#define EPROTO 71 /* Protocol error */
#define EMULTIHOP 72 /* Multihop attempted */
#define EDOTDOT 73 /* RFS specific error */
#define EBADMSG 74 /* Not a data message */
#define EOVERFLOW 75 /* Value too large for defined data type */
#define ENOTUNIQ 76 /* Name not unique on network */
#define EBADFD 77 /* File descriptor in bad state */
#define EREMCHG 78 /* Remote address changed */
#define ELIBACC 79 /* Can not access a needed shared library */
#define ELIBBAD 80 /* Accessing a corrupted shared library */
#define ELIBSCN 81 /* .lib section in a.out corrupted */
#define ELIBMAX 82 /* Attempting to link in too many shared libraries */
#define ELIBEXEC 83 /* Cannot exec a shared library directly */
#define EILSEQ 84 /* Illegal byte sequence */
#define ERESTART 85 /* Interrupted system call should be restarted */
#define ESTRPIPE 86 /* Streams pipe error */
#define EUSERS 87 /* Too many users */
#define ENOTSOCK 88 /* Socket operation on non-socket */
#define EDESTADDRREQ 89 /* Destination address required */
#define EMSGSIZE 90 /* Message too long */
#define EPROTOTYPE 91 /* Protocol wrong type for socket */
#define ENOPROTOOPT 92 /* Protocol not available */
#define EPROTONOSUPPORT 93 /* Protocol not supported */
#define ESOCKTNOSUPPORT 94 /* Socket type not supported */
#define EOPNOTSUPP 95 /* Operation not supported on transport endpoint */
#define EPFNOSUPPORT 96 /* Protocol family not supported */
#define EAFNOSUPPORT 97 /* Address family not supported by protocol */
#define EADDRINUSE 98 /* Address already in use */
#define EADDRNOTAVAIL 99 /* Cannot assign requested address */
#define ENETDOWN 100 /* Network is down */
#define ENETUNREACH 101 /* Network is unreachable */
#define ENETRESET 102 /* Network dropped connection because of reset */
#define ECONNABORTED 103 /* Software caused connection abort */
#define ECONNRESET 104 /* Connection reset by peer */
#define ENOBUFS 105 /* No buffer space available */
#define EISCONN 106 /* Transport endpoint is already connected */
#define ENOTCONN 107 /* Transport endpoint is not connected */
#define ESHUTDOWN 108 /* Cannot send after transport endpoint shutdown */
#define ETOOMANYREFS 109 /* Too many references: cannot splice */
#define ETIMEDOUT 110 /* Connection timed out */
#define ECONNREFUSED 111 /* Connection refused */
#define EHOSTDOWN 112 /* Host is down */
#define EHOSTUNREACH 113 /* No route to host */
#define EALREADY 114 /* Operation already in progress */
#define EINPROGRESS 115 /* Operation now in progress */
#define ESTALE 116 /* Stale NFS file handle */
#define EUCLEAN 117 /* Structure needs cleaning */
#define ENOTNAM 118 /* Not a XENIX named type file */
#define ENAVAIL 119 /* No XENIX semaphores available */
#define EISNAM 120 /* Is a named type file */
#define EREMOTEIO 121 /* Remote I/O error */
#define EDQUOT 122 /* Quota exceeded */
#define ENOMEDIUM 123 /* No medium found */
#define EMEDIUMTYPE 124 /* Wrong medium type */
#define ECANCELED 125 /* Operation Canceled */
#define ENOKEY 126 /* Required key not available */
#define EKEYEXPIRED 127 /* Key has expired */
#define EKEYREVOKED 128 /* Key has been revoked */
#define EKEYREJECTED 129 /* Key was rejected by service */
/* for robust mutexes */
#define EOWNERDEAD 130 /* Owner died */
#define ENOTRECOVERABLE 131 /* State not recoverable */
#define ERFKILL 132 /* Operation not possible due to RF-kill */
#define EHWPOISON 133 /* Memory page has hardware error */
#endif
三、打印错误信息
1.perror()函数
C 库函数 void perror(const char *str) 把一个描述性错误消息输出到标准错误 stderr。首先输出字符串 str,后跟一个冒号,然后是一个空格。
函数原型:void perror(const char *str)
#include <stdio.h>
int main ()
{
FILE *fp;
/* 现在让我们尝试打开相同的文件 */
fp = fopen("file.txt", "r");
if( fp == NULL ) {
perror("Error");
return(-1);
}
fclose(fp);
return(0);
}
2.strerror()函数
字符串显示错误信息,将错误码以字符串的信息显示出来
函数原型:
char *strerror(int errnum);
参数:
errnum: 即errno
返回值:
返回错误码字符串信息
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int tmp = 0;
for(tmp = 0; tmp <=256; tmp++)
{
printf("errno: %2d\t%s\n",tmp,strerror(tmp));
}
return 0;
}
四、errno的线程安全
常见的errno,它返回标准的错误码。errno不应该是一个局部变量。几乎每个函数都应该可以访问他,但他又不能作为是一个全局变量。否则在一个线程里输出的很可能是另一个线程的。
出错信息,这个问题可以通过创建线程的私有数据(TSD thread specific data)来解决。在线程内部,私有数据可以被各个函数访问。但他对其他线程是屏蔽的。
看下,bits/errno.h的定义:
# ifndef __ASSEMBLER__
/* Function to get address of global `errno' variable. */
extern int *__errno_location (void) __THROW __attribute__ ((__const__));
# if !defined _LIBC || defined _LIBC_REENTRANT
/* When using threads, errno is a per-thread value. */
# define errno (*__errno_location ())
# endif
# endif /* !__ASSEMBLER__ */
而errno.h中是这样定义的:
#ifdef _ERRNO_H
/* Declare the `errno' variable, unless it's defined as a macro by
bits/errno.h. This is the case in GNU, where it is a per-thread
variable. This redeclaration using the macro still works, but it
will be a function declaration without a prototype and may trigger
a -Wstrict-prototypes warning. */
#ifndef errno
extern int errno;
#endif
核心代码:
static pthread_key_t key;
static pthread_once_t key_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
static void make_key()
{
(void) pthread_key_create(&key, NULL);
}
int *_errno()
{
int *ptr ;
(void) pthread_once(&key_once, make_key);
if ((ptr = pthread_getspecific(key)) == NULL)
{
ptr = malloc(sizeof(int));
(void) pthread_setspecific(key, ptr);
}
return ptr ;
}
测试:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<errno.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#define TASK_NUM 2
pthread_t global_thread_no[TASK_NUM];
static pthread_key_t key;
static pthread_once_t key_once = PTHREAD_ONCE_INIT;
#define errno_test *_errno()
//int errno_test = 0;
static void make_key()
{
(void) pthread_key_create(&key, NULL);
}
int * _errno()
{
int *ptr ;
(void) pthread_once(&key_once, make_key);
if ((ptr = pthread_getspecific(key)) == NULL)
{
ptr = malloc(sizeof(int));
(void) pthread_setspecific(key, ptr);
}
return ptr ;
}
void *thread_pro(void *arg)
{
int number = *(int*)arg;
errno_test += 1;
printf("thread number:%d,errno_test:%d\n",number,errno_test);
}
int main(){
errno_test = 100;
int tmp = 0,i = 0;
for(i = 0;i < 5; i++){
if((tmp=pthread_create(&global_thread_no[i],NULL,thread_pro,&i))!= 0){
printf("can't create thread: %s\n",strerror(tmp));
return -1;
}
}
int n = 5;
while(n--){
printf("man thread ,errno_test:%d\n",errno_test);
sleep(1);
}
return 0;
}
使用gcc -lpthread test.c 来编译,具体可以百度
测试结果:
1)当#define errno_test *_errno()
[root@localhost test]# ./a.out
man thread ,errno_test:100
thread number:5,errno_test:1
thread number:5,errno_test:1
thread number:5,errno_test:1
thread number:5,errno_test:1
thread number:5,errno_test:1
man thread ,errno_test:100
man thread ,errno_test:100
man thread ,errno_test:100
man thread ,errno_test:100
2)当int errno_test = 0;
[root@localhost test]# ./a.out
man thread ,errno_test:100
thread number:5,errno_test:101
thread number:5,errno_test:102
thread number:5,errno_test:103
thread number:5,errno_test:104
thread number:5,errno_test:105
man thread ,errno_test:105
man thread ,errno_test:105
man thread ,errno_test:105
man thread ,errno_test:105
五、线程私有数据采用了一键多值的技术
pthread_once、pthread_key_create、pthread_getspecific、pthread_setspecific这几个函数是多线程使用的一些函数。我们本次介绍pthread_key_create函数,其他可以参考百度。
在多线程的环境下,进程内的所有线程共享进程的数据空间。因此全局变量为所有线程共享。在程序设计中有时需要保存线程自己的全局变量,这种特殊的变量仅在线程内部有效。
如常见的errno,它返回标准的错误码。errno不应该是一个局部变量。几乎每个函数都应该可以访问他,但他又不能作为是一个全局变量。否则在一个线程里输出的很可能是另一个线程的出错信息,这个问题可以通过创建线程的私有数据(TSD thread specific data)来解决。在线程内部,私有数据可以被各个函数访问。但他对其他线程是屏蔽的。
线程私有数据采用了一键多值的技术,即一个键对应多个值。访问数据时都是通过键值来访问,好像是对一个变量进行访问,其实是在访问不同的数据。
int pthread_key_create(pthread_key_t key, void (destructor)(void));
第一个参数为指向一个键值的指针,第二个参数指明了一个destructor函数,
如果这个参数不为空,那么当每个线程结束时,系统将调用这个函数来释放绑定在这个键上的内存块。
key一旦被创建,所有线程都可以访问它,但各线程可根据自己的需要往key中填入不同的值,这就相当于提供了一个同名而不同值的全局变量,一键多值。
一键多值靠的是一个关键数据结构数组即TSD池,创建一个TSD就相当于将结构数组中的某一项设置为“in_use”,并将其索引返回给key,然后设置清理函数。
1、创建一个键
2、为一个键设置线程私有数据
3、从一个键读取线程私有数据void *pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key);
4、线程退出(退出时,会调用destructor释放分配的缓存,参数是key所关联的数据)
5、删除一个键
int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key,const void *pointer));
void *pthread_getspecific(pthread_key_t key);
set是把一个变量的地址告诉key,一般放在变量定义之后,get会把这个地址读出来,然后你自己转义成相应的类型再去操作,注意变量的有效期。
只不过,在不同的线程里可以操作同一个key,他们不会冲突,比如线程a,b,c set同样的key,分别get得到的地址会是之前各自传进去的值。
这样做的意义在于,可以写一份线程代码,通过key的方式多线程操作不同的数据。
int pthread_setspecific(pthread_key_t key, const void *value);该函数将value的值(不是内容)与key相关联。用pthread_setspecific为一个键指定新的线程数据时,线程必须先释放原有的线程数据用以回收空间。int pthread_key_delete(pthread_key_t key);用来删除一个键,删除后,键所占用的内存将被释放。注销一个TSD,这个函数并不检查当前是否有线程正使用该TSD,也不会调用清理函数(destr_function),而只是将TSD释放以供下一次调用pthread_key_create()使用。需要注意的是,键占用的内存被释放。与该键关联的线程数据所占用的内存并不被释放。因此,线程数据的释放,必须在释放键之前完成。